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Global War (Khrushchev and East West relations (Soviet policy (What…

- - - - Camp David talks in September 1959 lead directly to the Paris Summit
      - To sort a deal over Berlin
      - Khrushchev wanted an agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons in the Pacific, and ban of such weapons in Germany
      - China didn't want to be bound to any nuclear agreement so balancing act failed
      - Summit collapsed when news of U-2 Spy Plane had been shot down in a mission overt the USSR
    - - Little achieved
      - Khrushchev thought that he could exploit Kennedy due to being young
        
        Shown by Bay of Pigs failure
      - Kennedy wanted to build up conventional forces as part of a flexible response
  - - - There was a drive from some parties to distance themselves from Stalin - as outline in Khrushchev's secret speech 1956.
      - Failure of Berlin Blockade, the defection of Yugoslavia from Cominform in 1948 and formation of NATO were humiliating examples of Stalin's foreign policy
      - Defence industry, accounting for 1/3rd of expenditure in 195, drained resources from consumer goods and agriculture.
      - Stalin's death 1593 prompted opportunities for change.
  - - - Problems in Poland encouraged those in Hungary to demand the replacement of the repressive Matyas Rakoski, with the more moderate Imre Nagy.
      - Khrushchev agreed
      - riots continued
      - Red Army tried to restore order but failed
      - Nagy negotiated the withdrawal of Red Army which lead to their withdrawal on 28th October 1956
      - Nagy intention to share power with non-communists and pull out of Warsaw Pact
      - Khrushchev mobalised army and 20,000 Hungarians died
      - Nagy executed - replaced by Janos Kadar
      - US did nothing to intervene - just spread anti-communist propaganda via Radio Free Europe
    - - Soviet reconciliation with Yugoslavia and the Secret Speech of 1956 triggered unrest in Eastern Europe
      - Polish workers of Poznan revolted in June 1956 over increased work targets
      - revolt was repressed but to appease the public, the Polish Communist Party turned to the popular leader Gomulka
      - USSR concerned Gomulka would press for Polish independence so USSR readied their army and flew to Warsaw to prevent Gomulka's election
      - Gomulka won election but reassured Khrushchev that he had no intention of withdrawing Poland from Warsaw Pact
      - USA, despite protestations, failed to 'roll back' communism in Poland when there was a clear opportunity
    - - Egyptian President, Gamel Nasser, nationalised the Suez Canal in retaliation to the USA withdrawing funds from the Aswan Dam project
      - USA was unhappy that Egyptians were receiving weapons from Czechoslovakia
      - Britain partly owned the Canal and it served as an important waterway for the French and British ships 🚢
      - Britain conspired with the Iraelis to launch an attack on 29 October to allow French and British forces in to protect the area.
      - USA called for withdrawal of Israeli forces at the UN but Britain vetoed the proposal
      - peacekeeping force, the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was dispatched 4 November
      - Crisis led to Soviet-Eygptian alliance in response to the British and French actions
      - USA, concerned about growing influence of USSR in the Middle East, formulated the Eisenhower Doctrine
        
        this committed the USA to help any friendly governments that asked for its help against 'power hungry communists', drawing the US increasingly into Middle Eastern affairs.
- - - - In the first half of 1961, 10,000 East Germans migrated to West Germany
      - 31st August 1961: work began on the Berlin Wall, which sealed off West Berlin from the East
      - 4 recognised crossing points
      - June 1963: Kennedy visits West Berlin to make his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech
      - Solved the GDR's immediate economic crisis that had been caused by the continued mass exodus of highly skilled East Germans to West Germany
      - The West did not take action, suggesting a degree of acception for the GDR
      - Guaranteed no military or nuclear conflict
- - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arpOTm8Bq9w
      - 24th October the first Soviet ship to reach the quarantine either stopped dead in the water or turned around
      - USA willing to negotiate regarding nuclear missiles in Turkey
      - Khrushchev began to rethink his position
      - Jupiter missile was equally a threat to the USSR as the Cuba missile was to the US
      - 26th October - Kennedy was willing for negotiate but kept his options open (willing to invade Cuba to remove Castro and missiles). Khrushchev also sent a telegram on the same day
      - Khrushchev willing to remove military presence in Cuba if the US was willing to pledge not to invade Cuba
      - Kennedy ignored Khrushchev's second letter and reply to the first letter. A meeting was summoned between the Soviet ambassador and and Robert Kennedy. US willing to remove missiles in Turkey
      - 28th October Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles causing the immediate crisis to be over
      - Casto considered it as a humiliating betrayal by Khrushchev and refused inspection of dismantled weapons. Soviets later revealed the contents of their cargo to US inspectors.