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STRESS: SOURCES, MODELS & COPING STRATEGIES
stress: a psychological…
STRESS: SOURCES, MODELS & COPING STRATEGIES
stress: a psychological or physical response to internal or external sources of tension (stressors) that challenge a persons ability to cope; these can be real or perceived.
eustress: positive psychological response to a perceived stressor.
distress: negative psychological response to a perceived stressor.
SOURCES OF STRESS
DAILY PRESSURES:
e.g. lining up for tickets, fighting with friends, time pressures, traffic.
LIFE EVENTS:
e.g. death of a spouse, divorce, jail term, personal injury or chronic illness.
ACCULTURATIVE STRESS:
Stress arising from the need to adapt to a different culture, customs and laws, often experienced when migrating to a new country.
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COPING WITH STRESS:
INFLUENCES:
CONTEXT SPECIFIC:
- the appropriateness of a given coping strategy to the characteristics of the situation.
COPING FLEXIBILITY:
- refers to the individuals ability to effectively adapt to a range of situations.
STRATEGIES:
AVOIDANT COPING:
- avoidant coping strategies include wishful thinking, denial, distancing , procrastination, distraction, rationalisation, substance abuse and oversleeping.
APPROACH COPING:
- approach coping strategies include meditation, relaxation, physical exercise, venting and talking to a friend.
EXERCISE:
THE IMPORTANCE OF REGULAR AEROBIC EXERCISE:
- chronic stress can affect the cardiovascular system and lead to high blood pressure and heart disease.
- regular aerobic exercise, where there is an increased heart rate and amount of oxygen consumed, reduces the reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis response to stressors.
- the resting heart rate of a fit person is generally lower than the resting heart rate of someone who doesn't exercise. So, when faced with a stressful situation, the body's physiological response is less intense.
THE ROLE OF ENDORPHINS:
- endorphins are a group of 'opioids' or natural painkillers.
- beta-endorphins are produced during physical exercise, and that these, along with the release of serotonin and dopamine, work together to improve mood and give a sense of euphoria after exercise.
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