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Epigenetics and Gene Expression (Histone Modifications (heterochromatin…
Epigenetics and Gene Expression
DNA Methylation
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gene specific promoters are hypermethylation in cancer cells
global genomic DNA HYPOmethylation is an epigenetic characteristic of cancer cells
gene specific promoters are HYPERmethylation in cancer cells
methylation in gene expression
low methylation = increased gene expression
high methylation = decreased gene expression
genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner
1% of genes are imprinted
methylation of cytosine
CpG Island
blockage in transcription
occurs on cis elements
transcription factors
promoters
Histone Modifications
shortens DNA length
modify through methylation
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X-Inactivation
occurs on one of the two X chromostes in females
overall stricture of connected nucleosomes resembles beads on a string
euchromatin
low DNA methylation
transcriptionally active
heterochromatin
dense DNA methylation
tightly compacted regions of chromosomes
transcriptionally inactive (in general)
RNA Interference
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MicroRNA
imperfect pairing inhibits translation ofmRNA to protein
vast majority of miRNA's regulate other genes by binding to complemetary sequences in the target
21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNA
perfect complementarity of binding leads to mRNA degradation of the target gene
mRNAs are an important piece of the puzzle that is gene regulation
pre-mRNA
Transcription
DNA is spliced by TNA polymerase and transcribed into mRNA
RNA is translated into proteins
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