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Epigenetics & Gene Expression (Histone Modification (Euchromatin (Less…
Epigenetics & Gene Expression
RNA Interference
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MicroRNA
21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNA
Vast majority of miRNAs regulate other genes by binding to complementary sequences in the target
Perfect complementarity of binding leads to mRNA degradation of the target gene
Imperfect pairing inhibits translation of mRNA to protein
miRNAs are an important piece of the puzzle that is gene regulation
pre-mRNA
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DNA Methylation
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Hypermethylation
Hypermethylation of all chromosomes is observed.
Hypomethylation
Hypomethylation of tumor suppressor genes is seen
Methylation of cytosines
Occurs on cis elements
Transcription factors
Promoters
Blockage in transcription
CpG islands
Histone Modification
Overall structure of connected nucleosomes resembles beads on a string
Shortens DNA length seven fold
Euchromatin
Less condensed regions of chromosomes
Transcriptionally active
Low DNA methylation
Heterochromatin
Tightly compacted regions of chromosomes
Transcriptionally inactive (in general)
Dense DNA methylation
X Inactivation
Occurs with one of the two X chromosomes in females
Transcription
DNA is spliced by RNA polymerase and transcribed into mRNA
RNA is translated into proteins