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A2 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES "MEASURING DIFFERENCES" (CLASSIC…

- - - - ARMY BETA
        
        pictorial test
      - INDIVIDUAL
        
        individual spoken test
      - ARMY ALPHA
        
        written test
    - - the average mental age of white American males is to be 13 when standard score was set to be 16. Thus Gould called it 'A Nation of Morons'
      - black men scored(10,41) scored lower than average than white men
    - - DV
        
        results from the: Army Alpha, Army Beta and Individual Examination
      - METHOD & DESIGN
        
        REVIEW AND CRITIQUE - Quasi experiment independent measures design
      - IV
        
        Naturally occurring - ethnic origin and IQ
      - SAMPLE
        
        1.75 million men from the us military. opportunity sampling
    - - the average man of most nations could be considered as a 'moron'
      - mental testing of this kind is a valid, scientific technique with wider implications for society
      - intelligence is an innate quality with a hereditary basis. it is possible to grade individuals by the skin colour
    - - HIGHLIGHT FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES WITH YERKE'S IQ TEST(1921) - to prove psychology could be considered as a science
- - - - Ps used twice as many word relating to physical needs(food, sex & money) while non-Ps used more words about social needs(family, religion & spirituality)
      - Ps' speech contained a higher frequency of speech disfluencies(uh/um)
      - psychopaths used more conjunctions like 'because', 'since', 'so that' - implying that the crime 'had to be done' to obtain particular goal
      - Ps used more past tense and fewer present tense verbs in their narrative
    - - DV
        
        language characteristics on: instrumental language, hierarchy of needs and emotional expression
      - METHOD AND DESIGN
        
        Quasi self-report face-to-face interviews independent measures
      - IV
        
        naturally occuring Psychopath or not
      - SAMPLE
        
        14 psychopathic and 38 non-psychopathic male(52) murderers(control group) Canadian correctional facilities. volunteered sample
    - - the ps' world view is fundamentally different from the rest of human species
      - Interview with suspected psychopaths should be recorded for analysis because to facilitate the identification of an individual as a psychopath, it is important to collect as much language possible
      - it might be possible to screen people suspected of violent crimes because knowing a suspect is psychopathic could inform pursuits or interrogation
    - - to examine how features of language are used in a crime narrative by psychopaths
    - - are more likely to focus on their own basic physiological needs
      - overall, less emotional and positive in their speech
      - Ps tend to view their crime as the logical outcome of plan
      - are more emotionally detached from their crimes