Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

History (Europe (Enlightenment Period/Age of Reason (France (French…

- - - - Sumerians and Mesopotamians civilizations include irrigation, writing, religion, mathematics, and law.
      - Phoenicians civilization includes glass and created an alphabet.
      - Hittites civilization worked with iron and Hyksos first used the horse.
      - Hebrew civilization created first permanent monotheistic religion.
      - Egyptian civilization polytheistic religion, glorification of the dead, system of irrigation, and advances in medicine astronomy.
- - - - Greek Contributions
        
        Philosophy
        
        Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
        
        Drama
        
        Dramatists: Aeschylus, Sopphocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes
        
        The Olympics
        
        Elaborate religion based on myth
        
        Forms of mathematics
        
        Mathematician: Pythagoras
        
        "Golden Mean" used for building styles and sculptures of the human body based on balance and proportion.
        
        Democracy
        
        Greeks held slaves and denied rights to women and most foreign-born inhabitants
    - - Peloponnesian Wars between city-states
        
        Weakened the Greeks so Philip of Macedonia and his son Alexander the Great took over.
        
        Alexandria in 300s B.C. became a great center of learning because of Alexander the Great.
        
        Famous for its library, botanical gardens, and zoo.
        
        Scholars include: Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Aristarchus.
        
        After Alexander's death, the Greeks were taken over by the Romans
      - Sparta city state: known for athletics and military prowess.
      - Athens city state: known for culture and intellect.
  - - - Eventually took over much of Europe: as far north as England, as far east as Danube River, most of north Africa, and great deal of the Middle East.
        
        Empire was harder to administer
        
        Lower classes grew in numbers and rebelliousness while upper class fell into decadence.
        
        Chariot-racing, animal fights, and gladiator battles were held to provide entertainment to the restless population.
        
        Army was less willing to follow orders
        
        Influx of foreigners further weakened the government
        
        Split in two parts as its leaders struggled for power and Germanic tribes attacking.
        
        Rome fell in 476 A.D.
        
        Western portion became chaotic
        
        Eastern portion continues as Byzantine Empire
    - - Tremendous power struggles and political assassinations occurred.
        
        Assassination of Julius Caesar weakened the sentate
      - Ceased to be a republic and became an empire under Augustus Caesar.
    - - Well orgainized, powerful army
      - Building styles
        
        Arch
        
        Dome
        
        Waterworks
      - Administrative abilies
        
        Tax Collecting
        
        Road Building
        
        Governing
    - - Grew out of Judaism in the Roman Empire
      - Christ killed by Roman soldiers in 30 A.D.
      - Grew and spread especially when Emperor Constantine converted in 312 A.D.
  - - - Lords built strongholds to protect themselves and their people
      - Local people became vassals and serfs tied to the land in return for their lords protection.
    - - "Dark Ages": early part of the Middle Ages from the fall of Rome until 1400s
    - - Played a large role in people's lives: only important institution and only institution in learning.
      - Most of northern European were converted to Christianity by the ruler Charlemagne
        
        Pope crowned him "Emperor of the Romans" in 800 A.D.
      - Power struggles went on between European royalty and Roman Catholic Church.
        
        Joined forces to defeat Muslims to regain Spain and sponsor the Crusades.
      - Crusades
        
        Christian attempts from 1095-1291 to liberate the Holy Land.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Criticism of the Church
        
        Decline in stability
        
        Bubonic plague- "Black Death"
        
        Killed 1/3 to 1/2 of European population
        
        Decline in population led to an increase of taxes and wages
        
        Led to peasant rebellions across Europe
        
        Led to mass hysteria, black magic, and increased persecution of the Jews.
        
        Advantages
        
        Increase in trade and knowledge because of contact with the Byzantine Empire and Muslim world.
        
        Led to establishment of European universities
        
        Still centered around theology and the Church
        
        Main subjects of interest were astrology and alchemy even though science was promoted by a few.
        
        New interest in the intellectual life
        
        Local languages had developed and literature began using them
    - - In 900s Vikings, Magyars, and the Muslims invaded Europe repeatedly.
      - Charles Martel defeated North African and Arabic Muslims in Battle of Tours which reversed the Islamic advance.
      - In 1066 William the Conqueror successfully invaded England blending the Anglo-Saxon and French culture and speech.
      - Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) between France and England ended medieval form of warfare.
        
        Foot soldiers using long-bows were superior to mounted, armored knights.
      - Wars of the Roses: lasted 37 years over nobles fighting for the throne.
        
        Won by Henry VII who founded the Tudor dynasty
    - - French kings gained control as "absolute monarchs".
      - Magna Carta of 1215
        
        King John agreed to limits to his power, trail by peer jury for the barons, and representation for taxation
        
        Contributed to a limited monarchy in England
  - - - Art and Literature
        
        Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type printing in 1454.
        
        Poet and playwright William Shakespeare
        
        Oil painting, perspective, and proportion discovered.
        
        Painting dealt with religious subjects but new interest in humanizing them and painting secular objects.
        
        Italian Painters: Raphael Santi, Michaelangelo Buonarroti, and Leonardo da Vinci.
        
        Northern Europe "Old Masters": Jan Van Eyck, Hans Holbein, Peter Bruegel, and Jan Vermeer.
        
        Architect style shifted from medieval and Gothic to simple balanced Greek and Roman styles promoted by Andrea Palladio.
      - Exploration and Science
        
        New interest in geography and exploration because prospect of land, wealth, and converts.
        
        Famous Explorers
        
        Early 1520s Ferdinand Magellan sailed from Spain around the world.
        
        1400s Prince Henry the Navigator encouraged exploration along coast of Africa.
        
        Vasco da Gama found sea route to India around Africa.
        
        Bartholomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope and up the east coast.
        
        Christopher Columbus made 3 voyages to the New World.
        
        Spain, Netherlands, England, and France competed for supremacy at sea and for wealth.
        
        Colonial holdings, joint-stocks companies, gold/silver, and slave trade contributed to power and wealth of European countries.
        
        France was never supreme at sea but had lucrative business in fur trading from North American and sugar canes in Caribbean.
      - Government and Religion
        
        Spirit of inquiry extended to religion.
        
        Late 1300s John Wycliffe condemned by Catholic Church for translating Bible from Latin to English.
        
        1535 William Tyndale was burnt at the stake for translating the Bible from Greek and Hebrew to English.
        
        Early 1400s John Huss executed for heresy for criticizing the Church.
        
        Protestantism
        
        Began by Martin Luther in 1517
        
        Main idea was people could read the Bible for themselves and achieve salvation with out church's intervention.
        
        Europe in a series of religious wars.
        
        Most Northern Europe followed Protestant reforms
        
        Southern Europe followed Catholicism
        
        Philip II of Spain made Counter-Reforms on the sale of indulgences, clergy training, and inquisitions.
        
        England
        
        1520s King Henry VIII declared himself head of English Church to obtain a divorce and was excommunicated by the Pope.
        
        His death brought alternating periods of Protestantism and Catholicism.
        
        Queen Elizabeth made England permanently Protestant creating Elizabethan Age in late 1500s.
        
        France
        
        Remained Catholic and persecuted Protestants called Huguenots
        
        St. Batholomew's Day Massacre of 1572
        
        Henry of Navare granted Edict of Nantes in 598 for religious tolerance to bring peace.
  - - - 1820s Revolutions
        
        Countries: France, Italy, Belgium, and France
      - 1830s Revolutions
        
        Countries: France, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and small states of Germany/Italy
      - 1848 Revolution
        
        Countries: Greece, Spain, Russia, and Italian/German states of Austrian empire
      - 1871 Revolution
        
        Country: France
    - - main cultural movement of first half of 1800s
      - Rejected balanced Enlightenment ideas of order and reason and was a reaction against the Industrial Revolution.
        
        Stressed reverence for nature, emotion over reason, imagination, glorification of individual, uniqueness of nationality, and glory of the past.
        
        Notable in literature: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, and William Wordsworth nature poetry
        
        Notable in music: Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner, and Giuseppe Verdi
    - - Began in England in 1700s in coal mining and textile industries, became increasingly important in 1800s.
        
        England, followed by U.S, Germany, and France became world's first major industrial power.
      - In 1800s factories grew and increase of people working in cities.
        
        Caused social changes like enclosure of common lands in England which forced people into cities.
        
        First half of 1800s had little regulations for working in factories and living in cities.
        
        Later government responded to unions and philanthropists with safety and health reforms.
        
        Reforms increased representation and broadened voting rights which buffered England from revolutions on the continent.
      - Inventions
        
        1702 Steam engine: later improved and used for transportation (steamships/transportation).
        
        Early Textile Production Inventions: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, power loom, and cotton gin.
        
        Inventions Using Electricity: telegraph, electric lights, and phonography
        
        Biggest contributor was Thomas Edison
        
        Internal combustion engine
        
        Influenced the invention of cars and the Wright brothers airplane
      - Long-term Benefits: cheaper goods, new opportunities, more education, and increased standard of living.
  - - - Contributions
        
        Science and Math
        
        Early 1500s Copernicus suggested heliocentric universe which was supported by Galileo later.
        
        1687 Isaac Newton explained laws of gravity and motion which established basis of modern physics.
        
        Rene Descartes invented analytic geometry and wrote about mathematical method.
        
        Francis Bacon promoted scientific method
        
        Carolus Linnaeus invented classification systems for plants and animals.
        
        Health
        
        Andreas Vesalius studied the human body
        
        William Harvey explained circulation of blood
        
        Antonio van Leeuwenhoek used microscopes to identify microcosms.
      - Music, art, and literature changed from Baroque style to simple but powerful classical
    - - John Locke philosophy foundation for many revolutions.
    - - Struggle between Austrian Habsburg and Frech Bourbon royal families.
        
        Outcome recognized Protestantism as legitimate religion, Spain recognized Protestant Netherlands' independence, and France broke power of Habsurgs and Holy Roman Empire.
    - - 1685 Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes causing the middle class to flee and weaken the economy.
        
        War of Spanish Succession in 1700s for the Spanish throne further hurt the economy.
      - French Revolution in 1789 from middle and lower class demanding better representation.
        
        July 14, 1789 masses stormed the Bastille prison
        
        Ended feudalism and became a republic and declared "Rights of Man and Citizen" but not women.
        
        Reign of Terror: revolutionaries publicly beheaded those unsympathetic to the cause including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
      - Napoleon
        
        Code Napoleon
        
        promoted male equality, protected freedom of religion, property rights, and still basis of law in France.
        
        Supported public education, merit system in government, army promotions, and made peace with Catholic Church.
        
        Defeated in Battle of the Nations in 1814 and exiled.
        
        Defeated at Waterloo in 1815 and exiled.
    - - Russia became country in 1400s under Czar Ivan the Great
        
        Ivan the Terrible in 1500s
        
        "Time of Troubles" until Czar Michael Romanov in 1613 who unified the country.
      - Austrian throne was inherited in 1740s by Maria Theresa leading to the War of the Austrian Succession which led to the Seven Years' War in 1750s.
    - - Civil War in 1640s
        
        Scots revolted but Parliament refused to fund money to fight
        
        Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell reduced king's power, made it illegal to raise taxes, abolished secret royal court (Star Chamber).
        
        Beheaded Charles I establishing a Puritan Republic.
        
        Did not like Cromwell's government so gave throne back to the Stuarts.
        
        Drove out Catholic James II in Glorious Revolution of 1688 to invite Protestant Mary and husband William the Orange to the throne.
        
        Signed English Bill of Rights limiting powers of monarchy.
        
        Parliament approved Act of Settlement stating no Catholic could inherit British throne.
- - - - Arose around Mohammed in early 600s A.D. in Arabia
      - Arabic language and culture spread with Islam to North Africa, India, and into Europe.
      - Religious ruling that all essential and true knowledge was contained in the Koran created friction in Muslim world.
        
        Muslim world started to fall behind in culture, education, and prosperity while the West was heading into Renaissance and Enlightenment.
    - - After breaking up in WWI, Britain and France were mandated by League of Nations to administer countries.
        
        Britain Countries: Iraq, Palestine, Eqypt, and Arabia
        
        In 1948 created Jewish state of Israel as Jews ancient homeland.
        
        Arabs refused to recognize Israel's legal existence and started to attack.
        
        Wars
        
        Egypt over Suez Canal in 1956
        
        1 more item...
        
        Six Say War of 1967
        
        October War of 1973
        
        Wars between Israel and Lebanon in early 1980s
        
        Intifada: 1990s Arab Palestinians uprising
        
        France Countries: Syria and Lenanon
  - - - Continues to have unrest between traditional Middle Eastern countries, between Islamic countries and Israel, and between Israelis and Palestinians.
    - - 1979 exile of Shah of Iran by Muslim leaders
      - Kidnapping of American at the embassy
      - 1990s Taliban took over government of Afghanistan
        
        2001 removed by Afghans allied with U.S. and other countries but later regrouped and still active presently.
      - September 11, 2001
- - - - More successful in other Asian countries than India.
  - - - After WWI led by Mohandas Gandhi
        
        Influenced by Henry David Thoreau, advocated non violent acts of civil disobedience
      - After WWII in 1947 British agreed to Indian independence: a Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India.
        
        New government became democracy that tried to enforce equality, give a sense of unity, and promoting education and strong national defense
        
        India continued to have unrest, assassinations, illiteracy, and poverty.
        
        East Pakistan got independence from West Pakistan as Bangladesh in 1971
        
        Both remain under martial and/or Islamic law instead of democratic.
  - - - Gupta Empire united much of Northern India until 500 A.D.
      - Heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism
    - - Taj Mahal built during this time
      - supported religious toleration, learning, and arts until Aurangzeb.
- - - - Crushed local governments and curtailed intellectual freedom.
    - - Scientists expanded astronomy, navigation, and medicine
      - Inventors made paper and china
    - - British was eager to promote trade but there was little demand in China for Western goods.
        
        In 1700s British imported large quantities of Opium
        
        Opium War was won by British which expanded free trade and they gained Hong Kong.
  - - - Famous Philosophers
        
        Confucius: addressed ethics, morality, politics, and civic duty
        
        Mericius: Goodness of individual and people's right to overthrow uncaring rulers
        
        Hsun-tzu: People were selfish and evil but can be forced to behave better
        
        Lao-tse and Taoists: believed harmony with nature
  - - - 1949 China became communist under Mao Tse-tung.
        
        Instituted strict economy controls and "one child" population policy.
        
        Once government structure loosened towards free market system, economy grew to a powerhouse and major trade partner.
- - - - Country prospered as internal commerce and education spread, and Kubuki theater, haiku poetry, and printing making emerged.
      - 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open trade with U.S.
        
        Disposed Tokugawa shogunate and put Meiji emperor as symbol of unity.
  - - - Joined Allies in WWI
      - Joined Germany in WWII
        
        Pearl Harbor 1941: retaliation against America attempt to curb Japan's aggressive drive to acquire more land
        
        After defeat quickly re-industrialized to become worlds strongest economic power and a democratic constitutional monarchy.
- - - - Muslims settled spreading Islam which combined Arabic and Bantu to form Swahili language.
  - - - Britian led the way in outlawing slave trade in its territories in 1807
        
        Slave trade went on illegally into mid 1800s
        
        1787 British abolitionists established Sierra Leone as haven for freed blacks
    - - Christian Missionaries offered education and medicine
      - Investors looked for raw materials and farmland
- - - - On east coast, in the northeast, and plains tribes had strong commnal life run by governing council
        
        Shared values of pride, self-reliance, and independence
    - - Some were hunters and gathers while others farmers
      - Practiced many different religions, mostly polythesistic, and most had a concept of heaven
      - Tribes along east coast of North America practice elements of democracy while others were totalitarism
    - - Olmecs 1200 B.C. are considered the original culture of Mexico.
        
        Had hieroglyphics, a number system based on 3 symbols, developed a calendar, and record astronomical information
        
        Built temple pyramids with flat tops and had an organized society
      - 1325 A.D. Aztecs built Tenochtitlan
        
        Conquered most of Mexico earning hatred for their collection of tribute and sacrificing prisoners for rituals
        
        Excellent farmers, engineers, builders, and created co-ed schools for children
        
        Hernando Cortes conqureed them in 1521 and many Aztecs died of smallpox
      - Inca developed irrigation and were sophisticated farmers and builders
        
        Learned neighbors techniques for metal work, weaving, and pottery
        
        Imposed strict social and political control including holding slaves and human sacrafice
        
        Francis Pizarro defeated Incas in 1532
    - - Eskimo or Inuit adapted by depending on seals, walrus, fish, and caribou
      - Nootka, Tlingit, and Chinook valued their possessions, strict order, and did not farm
  - - - Funded by King Ferdinand, he visited the New World three time at various Islands in Caribbean
        
        Convinced he found India, Japan, or China
        
        Considered the first top open the New World to Europe
        
        Famous adventurers in New World
        
        Juan Ponce de Leon explored Puerto Rico in 1508 and Flordia in 1513
        
        Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed Panama and discovered the Pacific in 1513
        
        Ferdinand Magellan successfully went around the globe from 1519 to 1522
        
        Showed oceans were connected and the world was larger than perceived
        
        Gave information about trade winds, water streams, and methods of navigation
      - Controversy over if he was the first to "discover" America
    - - Spain Colonies
        
        Spain Colonies ruled by viceroys but weakened their power by establishing audiencias, enforce foreign trade limits, and barring those born in New World from high office
        
        Spain had encomienda granted to upper class to hold large tacts of land and forcing Indians to work for them
        
        Class of mixed Indian and white descent (mestizos) arose, brought the printing press, established universities, and converted Indians to Catholicism
    - - Gained major trading rights in Asia and controlled much of trade in Atlantic- including slaves
      - Protestant Dutch were only concerned with trade and the Netherlands was the most prosperous country in Eruope
    - - Sir Walter Raleigh (claimed Virginia for Elizabeth I) founded a settlement on Roanoke Island in 1587 but all the settler mysteriously disappeared
      - Settlers founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America in 1607
        
        Winter of 1609-1610 was called "the starving time" because farming was difficult.
        
        Prospered through tobacco farming
        
        Powhatan Indians helped colonists with food but not always friendly- Pocahontas
      - English Puritans led by William Bradford landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620 seeking religious freedom but did not promote religious freedom in the colonies established
        
        Agreed to Mayflower Compact: promise to obey law they would jointly create which set the precident for participatory government
        
        Indian Squanto taught them to grow food and had first Thanksgiving together in November 1621
  - - - Charter included votes for all males with property and religious tolerance.
    - - Accusations of witchcraft made in Salem during summer of 1692 by a number of young girls.
        
        Those who confessed and named other witches were set free
        
        Those who denied were tried and convicted on suspicious evidence with single witnesses and no cross examination.
        
        19 people convicted and hanged until the Salem witch trails ended in fall of 1692
        
        The Crucible by Arthur Miller used Salem as a metaphor for ani-communist hysteria.
    - - Promoted his colony with pamphlets in various languages promising cheap land, religious freedom, and representative government.
        
        By 1750s named "City of Brotherly Love" was the largest, most prosperous port in the colonies.
    - - Toleration Act in 1649 guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians
    - - Led by John Wesley and George Whitefield
        
        Movement stressed freedom of religious choice, repentance, and salvation by reading the bible.
        
        Contributed to the trend towards school and democracy
    - - Resulted in 1763 Treaty of Paris which established most of North America as English speaking.
    - - Countries granted rights to private joint-stock trading companies for exploration and settlement since they were risky, expensive, and often failures.
    - - Indians
        
        Catholic Church disapproved of Indian slavery because they were not enslaved when Europeans arrived and converted to Christianity.
        
        Majority died from European diseases
        
        Indian-European negative relationships were set by the treatment of the Aztecs and Incas
        
        In King Philip's War members of several tribes wiped out more than half of the colonists' settlements causing lasting fear and bitterness between the two groups.
        
        In 1637 Puritans set fire to Pequot village killing 400 women, children, and elders.
        
        March 15, 1967 French incited Abnaki to raid English settlements killing 27 women and children
      - African Americans
        
        The Church tolerated African slavery because they were usually enslaved before Europeans purchase them from other Africans.
        
        Had better immunity to European diseases
        
        Successful free blacks
        
        Thomas Fuller: competence in mathematics and mental calculation
        
        Benjamin Banneker: self-taught mathematician and astronomer
        
        Thomas Day: furniture maker
      - 1770s Northern colonies slaves worked as household servants, farm labors, or craftsman who could buy property and had right to trail by jury
      - Southern Colonies slaves worked on plantations and various trades but were heavily restricted by slave codes that forbade reading, writing, to assemble, and own weapons,.