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THERMOREGULATION (How animals keep their body warm in the cold? (Counter…

- - - - Body temperature fluctuates within 2 degree celsius
    - - Body temperature fluctuates with external temperature
- - - - Birds & mammals, a few reptiles and fish, some insects
      - Need a lot of food and energy
      - Enzyme activities : maintained at optimal
      - Large differences in their body temperature compared to external temperature
    - - Food requirement is less & produce low metabolic heat
      - Enzyme activities are not at optimal
      - Body temperature does not differ much from environment temperature
      - Almost all animals except birds and mammals
    - - Regional endotherms
        
        Eg:
        
        Tunas (family Scombridae);
        
        lamnid sharks (family Lamnidae);
        
        billfishes ( families Istiophoridae & Xiphiidae)
        
        Much of the body (including vital organs such as the heart) remain at
        ambient temperature (to reduce heat loss)
        
        Increase the temperature of specific tissues or organs (aerobic swimming musculature, or eye and brain region)
      - Whole body form of endothermy
        
        Eg:
        
        Moon fish
        
        Jerusalem haddock
        
        Sunfish
        
        Entire body core (pectoral swimming musculature, viscera, and heart)
        & cranial region are all significantly warmer than the environment
- - - - Survive at extreme low temperature
        
        avoid freezing by the production of anti-freeze compounds (largely alanine)
        
        lower the freezing point by preventing the entering of water molecule into the ice crystal lattice
- - - - Takes place in fluid phase and involve mass movement of fluid
    - - Physical contact between two surfaces
    - - Transfer of heat between objects that are not in direct
        contact
    - - When water becomes vapour, it takes heat from the surface it is contact with