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Arthropoda (General Diagnostic Features (Trachea respiration system and…

- - - - O. Collembola - Springtail
        
        About 6000 known species
        • Feed on decomposing matter - soil, leaf
        litter, logs, dung, caves, shorelines
        • Widest distribution of any hexapod group
        (worldwide, including Antarctica)
        • Probably the most abundant hexapod group
        on Earth
        • Can be up to 250,000,000
        individuals per square acre
      - O. Diplura (similar to earwigs)
        
        Eyeless
        
        Antennae
      - O. Protura
        
        Eyeless, antennae absent
        • Common in woodland humus
        
        feed on decomposing materials
        • Less than 2 mm long, however can have huge densities have been measured at over 90,000/m2
      - Ametabolous
    - - O. Hymenoptera - Ant, bees and wasp
        
        Membranous, narrow wings coupled away from body
        
        Pollinators - bees and native wasps (fig wasp)
        
        Most ants wingloss
        
        Socially advanced
        
        Social insects
        Queen, designated workers, assisted feeding, collective colonial behavior
      - O. Odonata - Dragonflies/damselflies
        DIagnostic feature
        
        Modified labrium (lower jaw) - distinct predatory function
        - NOT folding wings
        
        Only one that molt after maturity with wings
      - O. Orthoptera - Grasshopper
        DIagnostic feature
        
        Enlarged femur on third walking leg
        
        Folding wings
        
        No secondary wings?
      - O. Dermaptera - Earwig
        DIagnostic feature
        - Secondary wing loss
        
        Some lack wings some dont
      - O. Isoptera - Termites
        - Secondary wing loss
        
        Symbiotic relationship with protozoa (bacteria)
        
        Distinguishable - broad union of thorax and abdoment
      - O. Phasmatodea - Walking stick/walking leaf
        DIagnostic feature
        - Secondary wing loss
        
        Enlongated shape
      - O. Blattaria - Cockroaches - Legs are adapted for fast movement - running legs
        
        Some are holometaboous
      - O. Ephemeroptera - Mayflies
        
        Forewing larger than hind wing
        
        Two long cerci on hind of adult
        
        Adult dont feed
        
        Short lifecycle (1day ca)
        
        Larvae stage dominant, 3 distinct cerci
        - NOT folding wings
      - Flight dominant + Hemimetabolous
      - Basal dominant - Folding wings
      - O. Mantodea - Pray Mantids
        
        Front femora
        and tibiae of 1st
        pair of legs are
        enlarged and
        armed with
        strong spines
        and adapted for
        grasping prey. (Raptorial)
        
        Triangular head
        with large
        forward-facing
        eyes
      - O.Hemiptera - True bugs, bed bugs, aphids, froghopper
        
        Wings held roof-like over body, piercing sucking mouthparts
        
        Forewings with basal portion leathery
        
        Mainly
        herbivores
        
        Size variation
        Often bright
        colours
        
        Many are
        agricultural
        pests
        
        Aphids
        Winged adult migrates
        to a host plant
        Females large
        colonies (asexual
        reproduction –
        parthenogenesis)
        Later return to original
        host plant for sexual
        cross mating
        Can be major crop pests
        (remember all hemipterans have
        sucking mouthparts)
        
        Froghopper (Philaenus spumarius) - Famous for its “vanishing”
        ability (speed)
        
        Two (dragging) hind legs
        specialized catapult
        
        G-force : > 400 g (gravities)
        Human in rocket - 5 g
      - O. Coleoptera - Beetles and fireflies
        
        Holometabolous (Complete metamorphosis
        
        Evolutionary advance: 2 function of wings; Forewings is hard, thickened and prtective. Hind wings are used for flight and fold internally
        
        2000 species
        
        bioluminescence (pray sex)
      - True Bugs
      - O. Diptera - True flies and Mosquit
        
        Flies: Labium modified to sponge and advanced compound eyes
        
        One pair of wings cleraly visible, 2nd pair
        modified into
        halteres (rudimentary posterior wings)
        
        steerage flight stability
        
        F. Culicidae - Mosquitos
        • a pair of halteres (can be stalk like)
        • a slender body, six long legs.
        
        about 3,500 species.
        • pair of scaled wings
        
        The most deadly disease vector known,
        killing millions of people over
        thousands of years and continues to
        kill millions per year by the spread of
        infectious diseases
        Females only of most species suck
        blood (hematophagy) from other
        animals
      - O. Siphonaptera - Flea
        
        Hindlegs have unique
        jumping mechansim (Saltorial)
        
        No wings - compressed body, sucking mouth
        
        Tapeworm vectors
        
        Carry bacteria – e.g.
        bubonic plague in
        Europe 1350’s
      - O. Lepidoptera - Butterfly Moth
        
        Siphoning (coiling) modified maxillae
        
        Telling Butterflies “from” moths?
        
        Antennae/body type
        
        Colour
        
        Wing coupling and position (e.g frenulum in moths)
        
        Time of day active: Moth = nocturnal and Butter = diurnal
        (except hummingbird hawk-moth)
      - Hemimetabolous
      - Holometabolous insects
    - - Sub C. Malacostraca
        
        O. Isopoda - Pillbug - terrestrial
        
        O. Amphipoda - Sand flea
        
        O. Euphausiids - Krill
        
        O. Stomatopoda - Mantis shrimp
        
        O. Decapoda - Crab, labster, shrimp, hermit
      - Sub C. Branchiopoda - Brine shrimp
      - Sub C. Cirripedia - Barnacles
      - Sub C. Ostracoda -
      - Sub C. Copepoda
- - - - Curiosal predators
        - At least one pair of well developed eyes - Usually the species with 8 eyes
        Some species are cursorial predators
        • i.e., stalk and ambush their prey
        • usually have well-developed eyes & heavy
        legs
        • Rely on speed to capture basal prey
        • E.g. wolf spiders, tarantulas, and jumping
        spiders
        
        Venomous chelicerae to immobilize prey
      - Web building spiders
        Functions of spider Silk include:
        
        less developed eyes (6 usually)
        
        Sense vibrations with hairs
        
        Draglines - common to most spiders
        (= lifeline)
        
        Sperm webs – reproductive aid
        
        Nest building - retreats (overnight and
        overwintering)
        
        Egg cocoons - wrapping eggs
        
        Locomotion aids:
        e.g. Ballooning strands - dispersal of
        spiderlings - Bridge building (adults)
        Sensory extensions - trip-lines,
        ‘microphones’ - using sensory hair
        
        Web building - flying prey capture
        
        Swathing prey - to immobilize or keep
        in web.
        
        Mating aids (mating webs/constraining
        mate)
        
        Curiorsal - at least one pair of well developed eyes
        
        Web builing - senese vibrations - with hair
    - - Varroa destructor - parasitic mite
        • Attaches to the body of the honeybee -
        weakens
        • Spreads viruses (vector) e.g. deformed wing
        virus in bees