WWII TERMS

Geneva summit:After Stalin died, Eisenhower met the new Premier Khrushchev theorizing peace through "Open Skies". Khrushchev thought it was an American ploy for Dulles and rejected the idea.

Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war

Term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands

1941, outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.

Totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. The name was first used by the party started by Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy from 1922 until the Italian defeat in World War II. However, it has also been applied to similar ideologies in other countries, e.g., to National Socialism in Germany and to the regime of Francisco Franco in Spain.

"Lighting war", fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific

Plan for the extermination of the Jewish population in Nazi-occupied Europe

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President.

Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights

The Manhattan project was a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the U.S the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era.

The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.

the Nazi Party, which consists of a loose collection of ideas and positions: extreme nationalism, racism, eugenics, totalitarianism, homophobia, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, and limits to freedom of religion.

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

labor and civil rights leaders in the 1940s who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; he demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries. FDR agreed only after he threatened a march on Washington by African Americans.

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

the 216,000 women who held noncombat positions in the army, navy, and Coast Guard when more "manpower" was needed and the men needed to be sent to fight.

A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws which established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This victory paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Movement.

American White Supremacy group with about 60,000 members mostly in the South, known for it's opposition to racial integration, involved protection of "European-American Heritage" from those of other ethnicities. Members used their economic and political power to intimidate African Americans who challenged segregation.

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.

An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room.

Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico

A southern document signed by more than a hundred southern politicians. Stated that the states could nullify fed laws that they didn't like and pressured southern states to ignore and reject the Brown decision.

Established a Civil Rights Commission, but had little real effect and was mostly symbolic

After Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted more than a year, and ended in '56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional.

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Montgomery Improvement Association
MIA Formed by E.D. Nixon and the black preachers of Montgomery. Chose Dr. King as their leader.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success.

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

This act was aimed at extending the life of the Civil Rights Commission and giving the US attorney general the authority to inspec lcal and state voting records for federal elections. After an intense fight in Congress, the final bill was just as weak as its predecessor in dealing with voting rights for African Americans.

Production board
During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

War Manpower Commission During WWII, it supervised the mobilization of men and women for the military, war industry, and agriculture.It formulated policies concerning the labor shortage precipitated by the large number of young men entering military service.

begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death.

Operation Overlord
The code name for the beginning plans of D-day and the invasion of France's coast

Battle of Midway
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Double V Campaign
Campaign popularized by American Black Leaders during WW2 emphasizing the need for double victory: over Germany and Japan and also over racial prejudice in the US. Many blacks were fought in WW2 were disappointed that the America they returned to still hate racial tension

OSS
Office of Strategic Services. This was a forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency created during WWII. This was the first attempt to gather all intelligence for the war into one organization to be able to be more organized and consistent throughout all branches of the military.

office of price administration
Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Office of War Information
established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep americans united behind the war effort

Office of War Mobilization
Set production priorities and controlled raw materials. Cost-plus system...cost of production plus a certain percentage of profit goes to the contractors.

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

A document that pushed for a large build up of the U.S military. It allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict. National Securtiy Council memo #68 U.S. "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 years

Truman signed executive order in which every person entering civil/govt employment would be subject to background tests. in response to second red scare, and fueled red scare further.