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WORLD WAR 1 (Political ((1/8/1917) Wilson's Fourteen Points Address: …
WORLD WAR 1
Political
Germans and Austro-Hungarians counted on German American for support, but U.S. was mostly anti-German as
Kaiser Wilhem II
made for a perfect autocrat to hate
U-boats sank many ships, including the Lusitania,
a British passenger liner that was carrying arms and munitions as well; killed 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans
(1916)
Sussex Pledge
: Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without giving warning, but the US would have to persuade the Allies to modify their blockade; Wilson agreed w/ pledge but not blockade & won a temporary but precarious diplomatic victory
Election in 1916: Charles Evans Hughes (R) VS Woodrow Wilson (D); “He kept us out of war”
German foreign secretary
Arthur Zimmerman
, secretly
proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico with the Zimmerman note was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917
(1/8/1917)
Wilson's Fourteen Points Address
:
set of idealistic goals for peace
No more secret treaties
Freedom of the seas was to be maintained
A removal of economic barriers among nations
Reduction of armament burdens
Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers
“Self-determination,” or independence for oppressed minority groups who’d choose their government
A
League of Nations
, an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes
Bolshevik Revolution
: 1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.
Second Battle of the Marne
, the Allies pushed Germany back some more, marking a German withdrawal that was never again effectively reversed
John Pershing
: Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace.
The Big Four
: Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versailles to discuss peace.
Treaty of Versailles
: forced on Germany under the threat of resumed war, treaty did not contain much of the Fourteen Points like the Germans had hoped it would
Election of 1920
: Warren Harding (R) VS James. Cox (D) Warren G. Harding was swept into power
Social
George Creel: head of Committee on Public Information, created to “sell” the war to those people who were against
it or to just gain support for it
To gain enthusiasm for the war, Wilson came up with the idea of America entering the war to
“make the world safe for democracy.”
Many Germans were blamed for espionage activities, and a
few were tarred, feathered, and beaten
The
Espionage Act of 1917
and the
Sedition Act of 1918
showed American fears and paranoia about Germans and others perceived as a threat
Espionage Act of 1917: Gave the right to the federal government to arrest anyone publishing or preaching anti-war sentiments during times of war
1,900 prosecutions undertaken under these laws were antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Sedition Act of 1918
to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces; some claimed bending, if not breaking, the First Amendment
Samuel Gompers’ of the American Federation of
Labor (AF of L), which represented skilled laborers, loyally supported the war, and by war’s end, its membership more than doubled to over 3 million
Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war
Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921: federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care; Congress affirmed its support of women in their traditional roles in the home
encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war
Economical
War Industries Board
: US gov't agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies
The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency
Herbert Hoover headed Food Administration; spurned ration cards in favor of voluntary “Meatless Tuesdays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays,” suing posters,
billboards, and other media to whip up a patriotic spirit