Reproduction
and
Breeding

Female

Male

Type of uterus

Reproductive process

Reproductive Organs

Factors

Photoperiod & breeding season

Social factors

Hormonal control

Nutrition

Reproductive senescene

Temperature and humidity

Reproductive adaptation

Bird

Fish

Uterus

Cervix

Oviduct

Vagina

Ovary

Vulva

Bicornuate uterus

Uterus Duplex

Uterus simplex

Major Differences between
male & female germ
cell production


Signs of Estrus

Estrus Vs Menstrual Cycle

Follicular growth

Produces sex hormones and eggs

Transport ovum

Implantation and pregnancy

Protects from external disturbance

Organ of copulation

External opening to reproductive organs

Bipartile Uterus

1) Oogenesis
(produce egg)


2) Ovulation
(release egg)


3) Steroidogenesis
(produce hormone)


4) Fertilization
(union of sperm and ova)


5) Implantation
(embtryo attach to uterine wall)


6) Pregnancy
(fetal growth and development)


7) Parturition
(giving birth)

a) Male germ cell continue to be replenish normally while production of oocyte in female decreases throughout reproductive life


b) Mitosis continue to greatly increase the number of spermatozoa in male while mitosis ceases in female after birth

Estrus


  1. Estrus cycle depicts ovarian activity.
  2. Proestrus is period of follicular growth
  3. Estrus is period of sexual receptivity
  4. Metestrus is a period of corpus luteum formation
  5. Diestrus is a period when corpus luteum is fully functional

Menstrual

  1. Menstrual cycle depicts uterine events in large apes and human
  2. Characterized by obvious bleeding
  3. Bleeding is a result of shedding of the vascularised walls of the uterus.

Back pressure test

Erect ears in heat

Red, swollen vulva of a female in heat

Excexx mucus discharge on the ventral end of vulva

1) Oogonia
(enters prophase of first meiotic division


2)Oocytes
(growth bigger in size in resting phase)


3)Primary follicles
(grow layer of cell called granulosa cells and form a mucopolysaccharide layer called zona pelucida)


4)Secondary follicle


5) Undergo Ovulation

Menopause
(end of ovarian activity in primates)

depress in reproduction by decresing both estrous detection and conception

lack of nutriton lead to loss of body condition delays onset of puberty and recycling

Communication through
a) chemical signals (pheromones)
b) Vocalization

Pineal gland


respond to changes in photoperiod by increasing melatonin secretion

Melatonin


determines the onset of breeding season in seasonal breeders

Control by hypothalamus
through Gonadotrophin releasing hormones (GnRH)

Stimulate Anterrior pituitary gland
secrete

Luteinizing hormone
(LH)

Follicular stimulating hormone
(FSH)

Stimulates follicle

Stimulate corpus luteum

produces oestrogen

produce progesterone

Freshwater fish


a) Demersal eggs
b) long incubation period
c) small number of eggs spawn
d) larger and less vulnerable larvae
e) has short life cycle
f) rapid turnover of generation
g) less larval forms
h) development involve larger and yolkier eggs (molluscs) / brood pouches (crustacean water flea)
i) direct insemination
j) protective dormant stage than shelled eggs

Marine fish
a) buoyant/pelagic eggs
b) short incubation period
c) large number of eggs spawn
d) vulnerable larvae
e) use both asexual and sexual modes reproduction
f) large number of invertebrates are hermaphrodite because some have ovotestis
e) direct sex change (in shrimp/anemone fish)