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Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories (Merton's strain theory…

- - - - Boundary maintenance
        
        reactions from society
        
        unity of members against wrongdoer
        
        value consensus reinforcement
        
        punishment
        
        reinforces solidarity
        
        stigmatise offenders
        
        boundaries; right and wrong
        
        APP: Stan Cohen - 'folk devils'
      - Adaption and change
        
        individuals with new ideas = challenge existing norms
        
        change starts with deviance
        
        positive functions of deviance
        
        Safety value
        
        Davis: prostitution; release mens sexual frustration
        
        not threaten nuclear family
        
        Warning light
        
        indicates problems in education
        
        or other institutions
        
        EVAL: crime as positive function
        
        what about individuals
        
        crime not functional for victims
  - - - norms unclear in social change = more suicide
  - - - produces
        
        social solidarity
        
        harmonious unit
        
        2 key mechanisms
        
        Socialisation
        
        shared culture
        
        Social control
        
        rewards for conformity
        
        punishment for deviance
        
        analysis
        
        crime as inevitable and functional
- - - - no emphasis on legitimate means
  - - - and legitimate achievement
    - - money success
      - legitimate means : hard work
    - - poverty and discrimination
      - block opportunity
      - by legitimate means
      - pressure on illegitimate means
  - - - Conformity
        
        legitimate - culturally approved goals
      - Innovation
        
        illegitimate means to achieve - theft.
      - Ritualism
        
        given up on goal
      - Retreatism
        
        reject both goal and legitimate goals
      - Rebellion
        
        replace existing goals (+social change)
  - - - value of material wealth
    - - value of money (no legitimate means)
- - - - economic motive
      - non-ultitarian?
  - - - lack of skills to achieve
  - - - through delinquency
    - - spite
      - malice
      - hostility