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Militarization and Policing (Police Paramilitary Units (PPUs) (PPUs derive…
Militarization and Policing
Militarization of Police & Police-ization of the Military
Erosion of the 1878 Posse Cmitatus Act-Prohibited military involvement in international security or police matters
Increased cooperative relationship between the U.S. military and U.S. civilian police
Increased normalization of police special operation units (SWAT)
Increased tendency of the police to rely on the military model for formulating operations
Redefining of criminality and crime control to require measures carried out by both the U.S. military and civilian police
Militarism
An ideology focused on the best means to solve problems
A set of beliefs, values, and assumptions that stress the use of force and threat of violence as the most appropriate means to solve problems
Emphasizes the exercise of military power, hardware, organization, operations, and technology as its primary problem-solving tools
Militarization
The implementation of the ideology of militarism
The process of arming, organizing, planning, training for , threatening, and sometimes implementing violent conflict
Adopting and applying central elements of the military model to an organization or particular situation
Four Dimensions of the Military Model
Material
Extent of martial weaponry and equipment
Use of advanced military-technology
Cultural
Extent of martial language
Military style in appearance (military battle dress)
Extent of militarism (military beliefs,values)
Organizational
Extent of martial arrangements
Normalized use of elite squads of officers (SWAT teams) patterned after military special operations (Navy Seals)
Operational
Extent of operational patterns modeled after the military such as in the ares of intelligence, supervision, and handling high-risk situations
Police Paramilitary Units (PPUs)
PPUs derive their appearance, tactics, operations, weaponry, and culture to a significant extent from military special operations units (Navy Seals)
As of the late 1990's about 89% of police departments in the U.S. serving populations of 50,000 people or more had a PPU (almost double of what existed in the mid 1980's)
Growth in smaller jurisdictions was even greater moving from 20% to 80%
Also saw a 1,400% increase in the total number of PPU deployments conducted yearly among departments surveyed
Currently an estimated 45,000 SWAT-team deployments among those departments as compared to 3,000 before
More than 80% of these deployments are for proactive raids rather than serving a more traditional reactive deployment pattern