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INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (WEEK 11: CORRECTIONS…
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
WEEK 1:INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY
scientific multi disciplinary field
socialogy
psychology
law
geography
political science
the study of:
criminal law
extent of crime
effects on victims,society of crime
crime prevention
attributes of criminals
CJS
WHAT IS CRIME
cause harm
against laws
punishable by law
sources of crime info
formal
research
official statistics
informal
personal experience
friends/relatives
media
inconsistency between the two
CJS
sentencing
retribution
payback
ethical formalism
restitution
compensate
deterence
put off
utilitarian philosophy
incapacitate
lockup
clasical/rational choice theory
routine activity theory
rehab
change
learning theory
COMPONENTS
police
courts
corrections
not a formal system
restriction of power
constitution
legislation
checks/balance
independent from each other
nine jurisdictions in aus
ancillary agents
public pro
legal defenders
alternate corrections
psch facility
juvenile house
independent welfare groups
JUSTICFICATION
moral
contract theory
ethical
problems/issues
public confidence
system co ordination
jurisdictional fragmentation
sentencing
delayed justice
WEEK 2: PERCEPTIONS/ FACTS/ FALLACIES
CRIME NEWS/ SELECTIVITY
shape perceptions
major source, informal
can lead to moral panic
selective
distorted
NEWSWORTHY
prominance
timeliness
impact
cotemporanouseness
novelty
conflict
human interest
proximity
MEDIA FRAMES
faulty criminal justice system
blocked oppurtunities
social breakdown
racist system
violent media
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA
effects model
functionalist model
institutional model
MEDIA OWNERSHIP
commercial
for profit
government
community
IMPORTANT
decision making
democratic process
political influence
political accountability
corporate accountability
community voice
MEDIA
PRODUCTION
community concern
functionalist theory
educate
fourth estate
challenge events/trends
interest of elites
critical perspective theory
support the wealthy/ political/social dominance
Karl Marx/ Friedric Engels
idealogy
political agenda/ scare public
the minority control majority
CONTENT/ TECH
message/ package
technology/ package
increase in tech blurring line between real/false
content
most researched aspect
semiotics/ representation
signs reflect each other and give meaning and structure. eg. chess piece. within the media it establishes subjective and collective meaning and creates structure.
media frames
EFFECT
mass media theory
hypodermic needle theory
moral panic
Nazis
cultivation effect theory
mean world syndrome
media+violence
WEEK 3:DEFINING AND MEASURING CRIME
DEFINITIONS
dictionary based
cause public harm
forbidden by law
punishable by law
legal definition
acts of ommission and comission
is criminal when lawmakers make it punishable
regulatory offences
civil wrongs
harm based and rights definition
broader than other definitions
change over time
some behaviors that cause harm are made an offence while others arent
CHANGES
social
tech
morality
law reform
MEASURING CRIME
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
courts
91% appear in magistrates
88% in higher courts, receive custodial sentences
corrections
police
reported/detected
DARK FIGURE (unreported/detected)
serious enough to involve police
victim knew offender
police could do nothing
feared reprisal
influenced by
reporting patterns
counting rules
policing activity
changes in legislation
GATHERING INFO
official agencies
ANZSOC, standard offence classification
ABS
offenders
victims
person
premisis
organisation
observations
quantitative surveys
qualitative research
surveys
survey conducted
how crime is measured
diferent methods
face to face interview
mail out
sample size
organisational data
snowball sampling
DECREASE IN CRIME
<police and inteligence
incarceration effect
higher prosperity
lower unemployment
gun control
collective value
security hardware and guards
criminal law
based on
person
morality
the state
public order
property
criticism
crimes of powerless
focused
street based crime
crimes of powerful
ignored
example: rorting by politicians, corporate crime, white collar crime
? legitamacy
controversies
truth in sentencing
concurrent sentences
suspended sentence
parole
no conviction
matching punishment to harm
harm is key in deciding punishment
inconsistent, alcohol/cigarette harm compared to illicit drugs.
tokenism
the behavior of law
does it change human behaviour
large number of offenders never brought to justice
written law May keep the group who want the act prohibited happy, while the actual enforcement of the law governing the act is lax to please those who continue the act
abortion
euthanasia
prosecuting war crimes
often limited to losing side in war
Churchill bombing of Dresden Germany
war crime?
MEDIA INFLUENCE
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
secondary power to political power
serving interest of politically powerful and wealthy
social constructionist prospective now includes media sensationalism and pop culture
political power prospective + social constructionism
reality understood through social interaction
social knowledge
personal experience
significant others
social groups/institutions
mass media
symbolic reality
large amount of crime knowledge from media
media news uses frames
can directly construct defiitions
filter claims makers
raise rare criminal acts to distort and alter definition and construction
phases
physical world
competing construction of world
media as knowledge distributor
dominant construction of world
claim makers
can make construction more legitimate due to finances,power, tech,status,access to Media
media supports/ discredits
media can be claim makers or provide field of play for other claim makers
social construction of reality of crime
major player in defining crime
link between media and definition can be seen as interest of powerful rather than harm of behaviour
needed today to change definition
WEEK 4: VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS
TRENDS FOR OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON
Aus less violent society at the end of the 20th century than it was at the end of the 19th and 18th.
20% of crime in Australia is violent
since 2000 violent crime has been stable or declined
TRENDS FOR OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY
since 2000 there has been a decrease in property crime.
increased prosperity, decreasing unemployment, increase in crime prevention
increased police/ investigation
incarceration effect
gun control
security increase, guards/ hardware
decrease in alcohole consumption
INTERNATIONAL COPARRISON
Aus middle of pack in regards to crime reporting
is difficult
jurisdiction
counting rules
legal definitions
victim reporting rates
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFENDER
OFFENDERS AGE
10-17 yo more likely to be arrested for property offences
10-15 largest offender group as by arrest rate
18-24 highest rates for all offences
offending decrases from mid 20s
UNDERSTANDING YOUTH CRIME
offending occurs middle to late adolescence and then falls in early adulthood.
rebelliousness/ mischief
12-18 parental influence wanes/peers influence increases
more time in public
usually not seriouse
persistent offending more seriouse
GENDER
80% of crimes by males
90% violent crime by males
M80/ F20 convictions
92% prisoners male
RACE
ethnic and aboriginal s more likely to be jailed
CLASS
50% jailed unemployed
lower education
REPEAT OFFENDERS
minority of offenders account for majority of offending
REPEAT VICTIMS
males largest offender/victims
females largest victim of sex assaults
most violent crime offender knows victim
many victimized more than once
in risky places
RISKY PLACES
the home
transport hub
spatial anaylis
crime mapping
hot spots
COST OF CRIME
medical
victim suppourt
insurance
therapies
compensation
security products
timelost
lost productivity
more predominant the crime, less the cost eg shoplifting. the less predominate the crime, the higher the cost eg. murder
WEEK 5:STREET CRIME AND VIOLENCE
WHAT IS IT?
non serious offending
vandalism
1.34 billion a year
street level pros
10-20% of all trade
small time drug dealing
graffiti
public disorder
drunkenness/alcohol major problem
highly concentrated
robery
commonplace + visible
public face of crime
arises from people using public space
parks
car parks
transport hubs
pubs/ clubs
rec areas
witnessed by people who do not know victim/ offenders
window into how society functions
SIGNIFICANCE
consumes massive amounts of police resources
due to visibility and public concern
90% police resources
3-4% of area generates over half citizen complaints
burdens CJS
not random, hot spots
social type
time
location
day
clusters into hot spots because of:
ecology of crime
environmental criminology
routine activity theory
crime pattern theory
defensible space
VIOLENT CRIME
WHAT IS IT?
crimes against the person
unintentional
recklessness
negligence
intent'
can be physical/non phsical
TYPES OF OFFENCES
homicide
demographic risk factors
male
20-24
single
female
35-39
partnered
age
under 5 over 80
unemployed
situational
residential most common place
majority of victims know offender
male
male kills 23% strangers
males kill 33% acquaintance/friend
female
kill intimate partner 38%
strangers 5%
good measure of level of violence in society
always recorded
dark figures very low
DOMESTIC HOMICIDE
most common location of homicide, 39%
prevalant types
intimate partner homicide
fillicde
intentional/ murder
unintentional/manslaughter
not random
assault
48% residential
52% non residential
over half of males victim of stranger
females assaulted by 75% family member
sexual assault
highest risk in home
less than 6.6% in street
robbery
cost $600 million a year
kidnap/abduction
39% private dwelling
39% street
d/v
stalking
female 39% stalked by stranger
male 43% family/friend
PREVENTION
situational crime prevention
reduce risk factors
social crime prevention/criminality prevetion
enhance protective factors
COMPSTAT
developmental prevention
CJS
community prevention
WEEK 6:WHITE COLLAR CRIME(WCC)
WHAT IS WCC
no clear defination, term first coined by Edwin Sutherland, his defination it is commited by those high in society in their course of occupation
elite deviance
other terms
occupational crime
enviromental crime
state crime
human rights abuses
genocide
import crime
business crime
tech crime
internet
financial crime
contrepreneurial
globalisation crime
terrorism
avocational
cross border crimes
people smuggling/ trafficking
money laundering
enviromental
terrorism
drug trade
breaches regulatory law, criminal law
EXTENT IMPACT
mostly unreported
no single agency gathering data
many forms not included
Enron $50 billion lost
VISY $40 million price fixing
DIRECT/ INDIRECT COST
illness
losses to families and economy
high cost goods
loss of consumer confidence
black economy
1977 study street crime $3-4 billion, WCC $40 billion
RESPONDING
largely ignored, shif t to greater public awareness
under enforcement
resources
legal power
culture of deference
smart regulation
publicising
audits
advice/assistance
warning shutdowns
education
issues
protecting consumer/nanny state
over regulation
reactive investigation/ prevention resources
organisations created
international legal frame work
new laws
counter productive
eg Iraq war
international intervention
freeze proceeds
confiscation
INTERNET/ TECH CRIME
varieties
computer focused
computer enabled
old new again
problems
policing, cross borders
law cant keep up with tech
reporting/ investigating
mostly unreported
who to report to?
anomyity
regulation
hard to locate
REPORTING
police
CERT
ACCC
Australian Cyber Crime Center
Australian Cybercrime Online Reporting Nertwork (ACORN)
EXTENT/ COST
1st quarter ACORN 2015, $234 million
$375-575 billion globally each year
2013 5 million Australians victims
2015 50% business victim of cyber crime, 72% ransomeware
offender characteristics
unknown
prevention
disrupt internet scams
CAUSES
globalisation
world trade
tech
CAUSES
PSYCHOLOGY
entreprenuial
psychopathic
anti social disorder
narcissism
conformist
moral neutraliasation
THEORISTS
organisational culture
social learning
SOCIAL EXPLANATION
"greed is good"
STRUCTURED EXPLAINATION
links to politics+economy
CAPITALISM
RATIONAL CHOICE
globalisation
trade
travel
communication
war
multi nationals
PSYCHOLOGY OF FRAUD
fraud is is to get something or avoid doing something with deception
motivation+personality characteristics+environmental situation= fraud
COMMON ELEMENTS OF FRAUD
financial strain
lifestyle
keeping up with joneses
loss of something currently owned
gambling
illicit drugs
relationship breakdown
"babes,booze,bets"
EGO/ POWER
superiority over others
specialist skills
professional pride
ego challange
overcome challanges
REDUCED INHABITION
neutraliastion
excuses
WEAK RESTRAINTS
nature of victim
deemed normal behavior inbusiness
weak punishment
similar to neautralisation
BY SENIOR OFFICIAL IN ORGANISATION
narcissism
AGAINST ORG BY CLIENT OR EMPLOYEE
employee perceives unfair treatment
territorial ownership
perks of job
INDIVIDUAL TO ANOTHER
ruthless
antisocial personality disorder
WEEK 7: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
WHAT IS THEORY?
an idea, or related set of ideas that describe or explains a phenomenon
can be scientifically tested
ROLE I N CRIMINOLOGY
theory hunch, observation/testing, findings
prediction
explaination
understanding
TYPES
set law
axiomatic
casual process
general
typoliogical
DEVELOPMENT
single factor
multiple factor
systemic
integrated/ multi displine
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY
scientific discipline,
how people think(cognition
feel(affect)
behave
psychological theory
biological
heridity
neurobiological development
neurobiological impairment
evolution
behavioural
classical
operant
social learning
modelling
vicarious learning
social ecology
distal factors
proximal factors
situational
prompts
presure
permit
provoke
AREAS OF PSYCHOLOGY
abnormal
biological
neuro
evolution
cognitive
developmental
social
personality
what is forensic psychology ?
human behavior related to the courts
psychology within legal system(civil,family,criminal)
include victim, police,criminal and correctional psychology
MENTAL DISORDERS
media false presentation
more likely to be victim
some disorders increase risk
WEEK 8: SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLAINATIONS OF CRIME
DURKHEIM AND ANOMIE
"anomie" social norms no longer control the activity of group of members"
mechanical society, uniformity of members, pressure on each other to conform.
organic societies, laws regulate society
crime is normal and positive, social causes,what is acceptable or unacceptable behavior, create solidarity.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF CRIME
Clifford Shaw, Henry McKay, Chicago School
anomie
social disorganisation
offending zones
MERTON & STRUCTURAL STRAIN
Robert Merton focus on social systems
goals,legitimate means and illegitimate means
anomie result from imbalance of goals and means, result is strain and deviance
adaptations in response to anomie and strain
conformity
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion
innovation
inequality and discrimination, social structural strain
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES
why people dont commit crime
restraints upon peoples behaviour
restraints can break
Hirschi 1969, social bonds four types of control
attachment
commitment
beleif
involvement
FEMINIST THEORY
CONFLICT THEORIES
conflicting groups, interests, needs and values
PLURALIST THEORY
different groups that compete for resources
CLASS CONFLICT THEORY
bourgeois
proletariate
MARXISM
state encourage capitalism
powerless and powerful
INTERACTIONIST EXPLANATIONS
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
interactions we have with others influence how we see ourselves
act on meanings
meanings shaped through interaction
meanings modifies through interpretation
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
NINE PROPOSITIONS
Sutherland 1939
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
extension of Sutherlands learning process
operant/ classical conditioning
LABELLING
BECKER 1963
PRIMARY DEVIANCE
SECONDARY DEVIANCE
NEUTRALISATION
Sykes and Matza 1957
interaction with delinquents
five techs
denial of respocibility
denial of injury
denial of victim
condemnation of condemeners
appeal to higher authorities
INTEGRATED THEORIES
Agnew 2003
structural strain
social control
social learning
WEEK 9: POLICING :PUBLIC & PRIVATE
POLICE MISCONDUCT
neglect of victim
discrimination
investigative incompetence
royal commissions
ABUSE OF POWER
PUBLIC PRIVATE SECURITY
payed security vs public police
security industry regulated
public security have additional power by legislation
same power as citizens, although given more by property owners
more than police
massive growth in last 3 decades
SPECIALIST AGENCIES
JURISDICTION
state corruption
NATIONAL
AUSTRAC
border protection
customs
ACC
FOCUS
financial
ASIC, ACCC
facilitation functions
training , info, research
conventional policing
POLICE MODELS
INTELLIGENCE LED
allocate resources
ID risky people
intelligence gathering and analysis
PROBLEM ORIENTATED POLICING:POP
develop and implement evidence based strategies
research evidence
focus on specific crime
COMMUNITY POLICING
partnership structurally built
neighborhood watch
liaison officer
school based
police beats
build relationship with community
started 1980
FUNCTIONS AND POWERS
DANGERS
potential death
save and protect people
physical danger
POWER
strong protection for mistakes
greater than citizens
enshrined in legislation
gate keepers
Australian policing
bulk of police work is that of the new police not crime fighting media rep
2010-11 over 51000 officers in Australia
AFP enforces federal law and police ACT
every state and NT has own police agency
HISTORY
1st major change to patroling model was intro of detctive units then specialist squads
new police 1829 London,Sir Robert Peel
detection
crime prevention
patrol
visible
POLICE DISCRETION
interpretive judgement, is there a crime? If yes discretion used
use of negative discrimination unwise
police protected from political influence in use of discretion
Sir Robert Peel 9 principles
4 aspects of discretion in police work
no blanket legislation
strict enforcement would be harsh
limited resources
poor legislation
strict impartiality
can lead to unethical or corrupt behaviour
administrative guidlines
public interest to prosecute
duty to investigate/ discretion not to
civil liability
duty of care
criteria and principles used by police to make decisions,guided by legislation and policy
legal principles guiding discretion/compliance with human rights
proportionality
subsidiarty
relevance/ necessity
equality of arms
legality
remedy
WEEK 10: CRIMINAL COURTS AND JUDICIARY
FUNCTIONS OF THE COURT
factaul
legal
operational
POWER TO :
Direct people
forbid them from doing something
order punishment
mentally ill
detain
assess
treat
HIEARCHY
STATE
district/ county
supreme/ trial division/ appeals division
magistrates/ local
FEDERAL
circuit court
family court
appeals court
HIGH COURT
SENTENCING
retribution
deterence
specific
general
rehabilitation
incapacitation
denunciation
restitution
SAFE GUARDS
due process
presumption of innocence
right to silence
right not to incriminate ones self
burden of proof
SPECIALIST / PROBLEM ORIENTATED COURTS
FAMILY
DRUG
ABORIGINAL
MENTAL
WEEK 11: CORRECTIONS
WHO GOES TO PRISON
"young mans game"
92% prison pop male
1-5 years most common
3% life
over 50 inceasing
enter prison later
longer sentences
77% male 20-44 yo
women increase
17% due to drugs
aboriginal over rep
2.5 pop / 28% of prison pop
14 x higher
other characteristics
low so/ eco
low education
limited skills for employment
mental health
females:sexual,physical,emotional abuse
25% unsenteced
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRISONS
depends on measurement and purpose
most common measure recidivism
2/3 previous sentence
further conviction within 3 months
within 2 years 35-41% incarcerated
therapeutic programmes
addressees issues
alcohol/drug
anger
increase education
prison privatization
increasing
first in Aus, 1990 QLD
cheaper to run
commercial interest
19% in private prisons
want high prison rate
share holder control
community based corrections
increase in last 20 years
types of punishment
custodial =prison
non
supervised
probation
com service
home detention
good behaviour bond
fines
community safety and crime prevention through humane containment, supervision and rehab of offenders.
rehab
deterence
incapacitation
restitution
retribution
pathways to reduced crimes
strategies
custodial
education
employment
reintegration assistance
substance abuse intervention
comunity
employment
com sevice
supervision
com based services
priority groups
aboriginal
disabl;ed
young
female
high risk
strategies
addiction treatment
offender behavior programmes
employment/resettlement assistance
functional suppourt
family/relationship help
community/cultural reintegration
outcomes
reduced
re offending
demand on prisons
over rep
more cost effective
safer community
com confidence
timely access to parole
prison violence
types
self harm/suicide
90%hanging
self harm 16x higher than suicde
institutionalization=self loathing
prisoner on prisoner
most common
payback
predatory
random
impulse
officer on prisoner
sanctioned
hidden
payback
more phsychological
prisoner on officer
rare
repercussions last whole sentence
riots not sudden
sexual
rape used for control power
25% males 18-25 yo experienced sexual assault
rarely reported in prison
sexual favours
theories
rational choice
socialogical
other factors
past
drugs
personal values
sit op
motivation
institutional violence
men
musculinity
violence to gain control/power
authorities responsible
selective blindness
heavies
control privilgies
maintain inmate code of sexual exploitation
subculture
heavies most violent
low staus,least violent
everday ,normal
hiearchy of violence
mini hiearchy
violence lifts status
targeting supervision
high risk times
first months of prob and pro
2x higher in first month compared to 15th
40% drop after 15 months
focus resources at start
employment,drug,housing programmes
high risk offenders
assement tools
treatment,service,supervision
allocate case load
technology
high risk places
geographical caseload
access to suppourt, prob and pro.
community damage models
assesment
suppourt
case plann
supervision
WEEK 12: VICTIMS AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
VICTIMS
victimology
extent
nature
causes
consequences
society reaction
focus on victim not offender
prevention
typologies
role
needs
prevention
impact and effect
movement
feminism
civil rights
legislation
no settled definition
levels
primary
secondary
tertiary
effects
psychological
emotional
cognitive
physical
economic
support
family
friends
police
services
HISTORY
permitted revenge
compensation
prosecutions
private injury became public wrong
kings peace
victims as witnesses
CJS not victim system
isolated victims more
happy with police
happy with prosecutors
not happy with court
time
proceedings
input
waiting area
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
types
sentencing circles
victim-offender
mediation
transformative
YJC
part of juvenile justice in AUS and NZ
intro, story, agreement
high satisfaction by all parties
key concepts
differential association
neutralization
labeling
social learning
emotions
shame
deintergrative
integrative
guilt
remorse
core sequence
disadvantages
linguistic skills
social cognition skills needed
alexithymia
language competence
WEEK 13: CRIME PREVENTION
SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION
Clarke 1997, reduce opportunity,design or manipulate environment make crime more difficult or risky
displacement/diffusion
25 techniques
increase the effort
increase the risks
reduce the rewards
reduce provocation
remove excuses
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
defensible space Newman 1972
territorial reinforcement
natural/formal surveillance
entry/exit points
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PREVENTION
prevention through police, courts, corrections
based on deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitate
COMMUNITY PREVENTION
crime is a community problem opposed to individual
based on Shaw and Mckay 1969 social ecology research
techniques
mass mobilization
social action
community empowerment
education
improve local services
DEVELOPMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION
risk focused prevention
developmental prevention seeks to bridge gaps
family support common part
PATHWAYS TO PREVENTION 1999 GRIFFITH UNI
think developmental
good science
understand community needs
engage in community development
