ERIKSON’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stage 1
INFANCY: BIRTH - 18 MONTHS
Hope
Major emphasis
- Visual contact & touch
- Parents' nurturing ability
- Care for a child
Trust
Mistrust
Confidence
Security
Insecurity
Worthlessness
Stage 2
TODDLER / EARLY CHILDHOOD YEARS: 18 MONTHS - 3 YEARS
Will
Autonomy
A sense of independence & a feeling of control
Secure & confident
Shame & Doubt
Sense of inadequacy & self-doubt
Stage 3
PLAY AGE / PRESCHOOLER: 3 - 5 YEARS
Purpose
Initiative
Guilt
Imitate the people around
Start exploring the world — "WHY?"
Frustrated over natural desires & goals, self-doubt & lack initiatve
Stage 4
SCHOOL AGE CHILD: 5 - 12 YEARS
Competence
Industry
Inferiority
Develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments & abilities
Accomplishing numerous new skills, learning & creating
Social stage of development
- Relationship with the school & neighborhood
- Central question: “How can I be good?”
- Relationship with the basic family
- Central question: “Is it okay for me to do things?”
Stage 5
ADOLESCENT: 12 - 18 YEARS
Fidelity
Identity
Confusion
Developing a sense of personal identity
Explore independence
Develop a sense of self
Upheaval, insecure & confused about themselves & the future
Stage 6
YOUNG ADULT: 18 - 35 YEARS
Love
Intimacy
Isolation
- Relationships with marital partners, work connections & friends
- Central question: “Can I love & be loved?”
Stage 7
MIDDLE-AGED ADULT: 35 - 55 / 65 YEARS
Care
Generativity
Stagnation
- Significant relationships with family, workplace, local church & other communities
- Central question: “What can I contribute to the world?”
Taking greater responsibilities & control
Make a difference to society
Unproductive & uninvolved in the world
Meaninglessness
Stage 8
MATURITY / LATE ADULT: 55 / 65 YEARS - DEATH
Wisdom
Integrity
Despair
Satisfaction, meaningful life & valuable contribution to society
Regrets, wasted & bitterness
- Significant relationship with mother
- Central question: “Can I trust the world?”
- Significant relationship with friends
- Central question: “Who am I?”
- Significant relationship with parents
- Central question: “Can I do things myself / must I rely on others?”
"Giving back", helping & contributing
Intimate relationships, work & social life
Life achievements & reflection
- Significant relationship with Mankind
- Central question: “Was my life a good one?”
Exploration & discovery
Bodily function & walking
Less committed relationships, loneliness & depression
Lasting & meaningful intimacy relationships
Doubt their abilities