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LU4:
OSMOREGULATION (Osmoregulators (Animals who can actively maintain…
LU4:
OSMOREGULATION
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Osmoconformers
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Examples: Marine invertebrates such as
hagfishes, brine shrimp (Artemia)
Osmoregulators
Animals who can actively maintain their internal osmolarity at a particular level regardless of the external salt concentrations in the environment
Examples: Marine vertebrates, Fresh water organisms, humans, lots of other animals.
Stenohaline refers to organism (usually fish) that cannot tolerate a wide fluctuation in the salinity of water. Examples:** Goldfish (freshwater fish) – die in high salinity environment. Haddock *(marine fish) – die in water with lower salinity.
Euryhaline refers to organism that can tolerate a wide range of salinities; usually live in coastal estuaries, brackish water and tide pools. Examples:Salmon, molly, eels, green crab
Edema - osmoregulation failure in fish which causes freshwater fish to swollen due to excessive fluid build-up.
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Countercurrent Mechanism 
Renal clearance
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Function
used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and renal blood flow (RBF) to understand how substances are reabsorbed or secreted and to compare kidney function for diagnostic purposes
Formula
Ux V
Cx = -------
Px
Where:
Cx = clearance of substance X (ml/min)
Ux = concentration of X in urine (mg/ml)
V = rate of urine formation (ml/min)
Px = concentration of X in the plasma (mg/ml)
Creatinine clearance
Definition
An endogenous, nitrogenous by-product of phosphocreatine breakdown in the muscle.
Formula
Ux V
Cx = -------
Px
Cx = clearance of substance X (ml/min)
Ux = concentration of X in urine (mg/ml)
V = rate of urine formation (ml/min)
Px = concentration of X in the plasma (mg/ml)
Transport maximum (Tm)
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Reached when all carrier (for reabsorption) has become saturated, and all nephrons are reabsorbing to their maximum capacity.
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Glucose regulation