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Debt & Origins of Patriarchy (Mesopotamia (Reform Edict of Urukagina…
Debt & Origins of Patriarchy
Mesopotamia
Timeline
Early Bronze Age (3700-2000 BCE)
Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BCE)
Late Bronze Age (1600 - 1200 BCE
Uruk Period (3700-3000 BCE)
Uruk First State in Mesopotamia
Temple Largest Landowner in city
Tenants work Temple Land
Gets Food Ration in return
Organizes Farms, etc.
Run by bureaucracy & Chief Priest-King
Redistributive system made possible through invention of writing & accounting system
Specialization of labor
First City
First Stratified Society
Early Dynastic Period (3000-2300 BCE)
Uruk dies :warning:
Mesopotamia still divided into city states
Resembling Uruk Society
Cities still have temple bureaucracy
Run by Priest-King
Growing warfare between cities for land
War prisoners employed by temples for specialized production
Women & Children
Hard manual labor
Flour
Textile
Reform Edict of Urukagina (2350 BCE)
Made by king Urukagina to stop extracting wealth from good men
Removed supervisors & Bureaucrats
Canceled Debts
Never Subject women for debt servitude
Debt in Second Millennium (2000-1500 BCE)
Influence of Pastoral Groups
Post-Ur, Mesopotamia politically fragmented
Competing Rulers vie for power
Growing influence of Pastoral Groups
Some denounced as robbers
Others are generals for Ur III
After fall of Ur, Amorites become dominant in Mesopotamia
In Mesopotamia, always close relationship between pastoral & settled groups
Exchange for foodstuffs & luxury goods
Compete for land
Privatization
Despite fall of Ur III, population high
Temples still owned large tracks of land
Increasingly sending key tasks to private contractors
Wool Collection
Specialized Crafts
No longer had to pay year round, only when in need
Good for temple, bad for individual
Tax collection
Those unable to pay tax got loans from same people
20%-33% per year
Debt Collection
Edict of King Ammisaduqa of Babylon (1640 BCE) :warning:
Banks unable to get individual debt
Commercial loans not invalidated
Bankers screwed
Codex of Hammurabi
From Ammorites
King of Babylon
Unifies Mesopotamia
Codex
First comprehensive law code
Advanced system of justice
Role of Women increased
40% of land in third millenium
10% in second millenium
Sargon & Ur III (2350 - 2000 BCE)
Sargon & the Kings of Akkad (2334-2200 BCE)
Sargon
Cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, king of Kish
Rose to power as the King of Akkad
New City
Unified Mesopotamia under one ruler
Made standing army
Seen as good ruler
Naram sim (2254-2218) extends empire
Claims divine status
Seen as bad ruler
Deification
Four Corners of the world rebelled against Naram Sin
Gods of each city preferred him
Second tier deity
Ruling Akkadian Empire
Masters of all four corners of the world
Employed Akkadian language
Semetic Language
Unrelated to Sumerian
Completely new
Former kings are still king, swear loyalty under Akkad
Ur III (2100-2000 BCE)
2200 BCE Akkadian Empire Disinegrates
2100 "Third Dynasty of Ur" conquers South Mesopotamia
Official Lanuages
South: Sumerian
North: Akkadian
Tall State > Wide State
Ruling
Deification of Kings
Local Rulers replaced by Governers
Unlike Akkad
State owns agricultural lands whose yields are precisely controlled & assesed
Yearly tributes from cities
Huge
Great at Building
Cities carrying 200,000 population
Fall
Subject cities simply stop paying tribute
Amorites penetrate Mesopotamia
Nomadic invaders
Last king of Ur, Ibbin-Sin, Captured and dies in exile
Elamites
Old eastern rival of Ur