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EXCRETION (EXCRETORY SYSTEM (INSECTS & TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS…

- - - - Most aquatic animals
  - - - Most amphibians
      - Sharks
      - Mammals
  - - - Reptiles
      - Insects
      - Land snails
- - - - Tubules located on perimeters of the body
      - Tubules are open up to nephridiopores
      - At the dead ends contain flame cells
      - CILIA > FLAME CELLS > TUBULES > NEPHRIDIOPORES > EXCRETORY PORES
  - - - Metanephridia (Open- ended) located at each segment of the worm
      - Drive by blood pressure from closed circulatory system
      - Coelomic fluid and dilute urine are the excretory product
  - - - Reabsorption of salt, water & nitrogenous wastes occurs
      - Attached to midgut & hindgut of digestive system
      - Control the movement of materials & hemolymph in the hindgut
      - Diuretic hormones stimulate urine production
    - - Located in the gills
      - an osmoregulatory functions
      - control the retrieval of salts
  - - - Filtration-reabsorption principle
      - Excrete Mg ions and sulfate ions in marine organisms
      - Have an osmoregulatory function
  - - - Low rate of urine flow + stopping of urea secretion = reduced urea loss
  - - - Birds eliminate uric acid
    - - extra NaCl secreted via nasal glands
      - Salt removal via the nostrils out from the beak
- - - - Pressure forces blood through glomeruli
      - Induce formation of urine by ultrafiltration of plasma
      - Podocytes in Glomerular capsule: supports filtration membrane
    - - Na+ Reabsorption
        
        Occur at proximal tubule
        
        Co-transport with glucose and amino acid (carrier)
        
        Counter-transport with H+ ions (carrier)
        
        Chloride driven Na+ ions (transport)
      - Energy derived from Na-K ATPase pump
    - - Distal tubule regulates K+ & NaCl concentration in body fluid
      - Collecting duct carries filtrate
      - Toxic substances are removed