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Presence (factors contributing to presence (masking the medium (in Heeter…

- - - - Held and Durlach 1992
        
        "artificial stimuli that signal the presence of a display" ... - as cited by Heather ... should be minimized and that measurement devices in the virtual or teleworld should be well disguised or hidden - citation from Heeter
  - - - Lanier 1990
        
        "expressed surprised at the ease with which people adapted to inhabiting nonhuman shapes, such as lobsters, in virtual worlds" - citation from Heeter
      - Held and Durlach 1992
        
        "suggest that similarity of visual appearance of the operator and robot or virtual body are important the(for?) the experience of presence"-citation from Heeter
  - - - Rheingold 1991 not avaliable
        
        Second person VR (term by Michael Miller?) - seeing yourself:
        "Thus, seeing yourself in telepresence is evidence for the proposition that the real you is not currently inhabiting your body" as cited by Heeter 1992
  - - - Held and Durlach 1992 and Loomis 1992 Both N/A that second one looks interesting for human as input output device
        
        Familiarity with a virtual world may also contribute to personal presence. Having "been there before" helps you believe you are there again. Held and Durlach (1992) and Loomis (1992) sugest that the sense of presence may increase with experience and practice - Citation from Heeter
        
        NOTE: On the other hand habituation might decrease it
  - - - "Kruger's artificial reality experiments (...) allowed two or more individuals to interact in VideoPlace (Krueger, 1991*) participants saw themselves and each other in a virtual world. According to Krueger, "The sense of being there was very strong" " *Hard to track
        
        NOTE: Both real and synthetic actors could contribute to the sense of presence, Heeter writes: "it does contribute to your sense that other beings notice and react to their movement in the virtual world. The characteristic of the agent and the interaction probably affect the strength of a sense of social presence which is created" - unfortunately no evidence or reference provided to support this statement
      - Respondents who completed surveys reported feeling both physical and emotional responses when they touched animated graphical objects in these worlds - citation from Heeter
      - In fact, people want that connection more than any other experience. Placing more than one person in a virtual world may be an easy way to induce a sense of presence regardless of the other perceptual features of the world.
  - - - "It is quite possible that a virtual world which is more responsive than the real world could evoke a greater sense of presence than a virtual world where the environment responds exactly like the real world"
        
        NOTE: hypothetically all other variables between real and VE being same a more responsive VE should invoke greater sense of presence than RE
  - - - Sheridan (1992) proposes that the ability to modify a virtual environment is a key component of presence
  - - - "Within a virtual world, mixing physical reality may add to the illusion up to a point, but it also may hold back the full effect of leaving the physical world, and impose other limitations" - citation from Heeter 1992
  - - - listed as key added source of information
  - - - listed as key added source of information
  - - - listed as key added source of information
- - - - Virtual reality (VR) is typically defined in terms of technological hardware. This paper attempts to
        cast a new, variable-based definition of virtual reality that can be used to classify virtual reality in
        relation to other media. The defintion of virtual reality is based on concepts of “presence” and
        “telepresence,” which refer to the sense of being in an environment, generated by natural or mediated
        means, respectively.
        
        Dimensions of telepresence
        
        Vividness
        
        Bredth
        
        Number of senses
        
        Deapth
        
        Resolution
        
        Interactivity
        
        Speed
        
        response time -> real time max
        
        Range
        
        no. of attributes that can be manipulated and amount of possible variation
        
        Mapping
        
        Proximity to real life action/movement
        
        More in Slater 1995 - taking steps
  - - - Meehan in his dissertation refers to theory of forms,
        allegory of Plato's cave is a great example of perception skewing reality
  - - - ‘telepresence’, a name suggested by my futurist friend Patrick Gunkel. Telepresence emphasizes the importance of high‑quality sensory feedback and suggests future instruments that will feel and work so much like our own hands that we won't notice any significant difference.
        Telepresence is not science fiction. We could have a remote‑controlled economy by the twenty‑first century if we start planning right now The technical scope of such a project would be no greater than that of designing a new military aircraft.
        A genuine telepresence system requires new ways to sense the various motions of a person's hands. This means new motors, sensors, and lightweight actuators. Prototypes will be complex, but as designs mature, much of that complexity will move from hardware to easily copied computer software. The first ten years of telepresence research will see the development of basic instruments: geometry, mechanics, sensors, effectors, and control theory and its human interface. During the second decade we will work 'to make the instruments rugged, reliable, and natural.
  - - - Basic premise is that experiencing your own presence in VR is like the process of discerning and validating the existence of self in the natural world(...). A sense of presence in a virtual world derives from feeling like you exist within but as a separate entity from a virtual world that also exist
        
        Dimensions of presence
        
        Subjective personal presence
        
        sense of inclusion within VE, self representation, familiarity with VE
        
        Social presence
        
        other beings (real or artificial) exist in VE and respond to you and your actions
        
        Environmental presence
        
        Env. itself knows you are there and reacts you -> example dynamic shadows
  - - - One feels present in a perceived environment when one can anticipate actions that access it. Sensory stimulation evokes these anticipations via an internal model that includes representations of both the observer’s body and its parts, objects in the environment, and the consequences of movements of the observer.
        
        factors contributing to presence (as paraphrased by Meehan)
        
        Increased sensory depth, breadth and depth as in Steuer 1992 #
        
        Displays and tracking systems should be free from artificial stimuli that signal [their] existance
        
        Head and virtual body movements should be slaved to the user, and lower lag in these movements should evoke more presence #
        
        VE should be predictable
  - - - As paraphrased by Meehan 1992:
        sense of being physically present with visual, auditory,
        or force displays generated by a computer and telepresence as the sense of being physically present with
        virtual object(s) at the remote teleoperator site
        
        Sheridan postulates that the factors that affect
        virtual presence and telepresence are the same and that they are the extent of sensory information, control of
        relation of sensors to environment, and ability to modify the physical environment
        
        Extent of sensory information
        
        refers to the number of senses stimulated and the extent of the stimulation by the displays of the
        VE.as in Steuer 1992 #
        
        Control of relation of sensors to the environment
        
        refers to the ability of the VE to modify body-centered direction of sensory input as
        the user moves in the VE.
        //as in audio spatialization or head tracking?
        
        Ability to modify physical environment
        
        includes both object manipulation in the VE
        and passive effects such as dynamic shadows. #
  - - - Telepresence - in essence the idea is that a person is in some sense present in an environment that is physically remote from the person in space
        note: Schloerb states that the feeling of being there is not adequate for quantitative investigation and use Held and Durlach 1989 and 1992 as reference to back it up
        
        Schloerb provides an overview of the Theory of Virtual Presence:
        A person is objectively present in a remote environment where the person is not physically present, if there is some type of causal interaction between the person and the environment. For example, the person might cause or detect some remote event using teleoperation system. Clearly , a person can also be objectively present in his or her local environment (where the person is physically present). It should also be clear to the reader that objective presence without further specification implies nothing about how the person feels.
        The degree of objective presence may be defined based on the probability that a given task is completed successfully(for example a baseball player's batting average is his or her objective presence in the task of getting a hit. Similarly, one could define a degree of objective presence based on the probability that a person will perceive a particular word when presented with a given auditory stimulus (Kryter, 1972, p 174)
        Kryters chapter here chapter 5 p.174
        
        objective presence
        
        based on task performance
        
        answering yes to the question "are you present" is also a task so subjective presence is also a subset of objective presence
        
        subjective presence
        
        based on probability user experiences being there
        
        Each transformation creates a new type of subjective presence - ex restricting input from all senses but vision will give us visual subjective presence
- - - - measuring presence based on number and fidelity of sensory input and output channels
  - - - Sensors, controls, and man-machine interface for advanced teleoperation - AK Bejczy 1980 Not available applies to 4 bellow