• focus on the short term at the expense of the long term,
• encourage mediocrity by setting limits on expectations,
• reduce creativity and risk-taking,
• promote self-interest above other interests,
• destroy teamwork because it increases dependence on individual accomplishment,
• generate counterproductive, win–lose competition for merit monies,
• encourage sycophancy (“do-as-I-say performance pay”), and/or
• generally politicize the compensation system (Berman, Bowman, West, &
Van Wart, 2009).