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BDP World War One (PROPAGANDA (OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND PAINTINGS…

- - - - industry, esp. munitions short of workers - men needed food clothes and weapons
    - - male trade unionists
        bc women paid less than men
        
        ENDED with munitions crisis
      - DLG gave Pankhurst £2000 grant to organised rally "Women's Right to Serve" - both churchill and dlg attended = publicity17th July 1915
      - agreements: women paid same as men, but jobs went back to men after war
  - - - prices doubled
      - cheap restaurants, national kitchens where women could buy hot meals
    - - rent went up in houses near factories
      - glasgow october 1915 15,000 residents refused to pay
      - gov passed rent restriction act, keeping rent @ 1913 level
    - - gov paid weekly sum to wives and dependants of service men
      - if man was killed, allowance = pension
      - depended on rank of service man + how many kids he had
    - - 1916 mother's day introduced
        july 1917 national baby week
        national council for unmarried mother and her child founded
- - - - VOLUNTEERS
        
        before war 250,000 soldiers
        lord kitchener secretary of state for war
        said we would need 1m
        
        gov set up recruitment offices in every town and city
        posters and pamphlets (propaganda)
        politicians made patriotic speeches
        
        at first, v. successful: groups of men would join together "Pal's Battalions"
        
        by first month 500,000 men signed
        march 1916 2.5 million men joined "Kitchener's Army"
        
        thought war would be over by christmas
        persuaded by: propaganda, escape poverty and family, excitement, duty
    - - jan 1916 parliament passed first conscription act
        
        military service compulsory: all single men between 18-41
        three months later extended to include married men
        
        bt. 1916-1918 one in three men were conscripted
        
        some saw this as fair: all classes had to fight
        vital work e.g. mining kept
      - CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS
        
        had to convince tribunal they weren't just cowards
        
        convinced tribunal
        
        partciipated in non-batant service e.g. driving ambulances
        or did essneital war work e.g. mining
        
        unconvinced tribunal
        
        had to go and fight - if he refused to take orders = court-martialled = shot
        called conchies
        
        men who refused completely = imprisoned / sent to labour camps
  - - - dec 1914 german battleships shelled towns north east coast - scarborough, whitby, hartlepool = 119 men, women and children killed
    - - jan 1915 bombing raids
        200 m long, carried 27 tonnes of bombs
        total 57 raids of british towns = 564 dead, 1370 injured
    - - searchlights, anti-aircraft guns, barrage balloons
- - - - MINING
        
        coal industry
        profits fixed - treasury took surplus
        miners weren't conscripted
        national wage agreements = miners everywhere paid the same
      - MUNITIONS
        
        1915 daily mail exposed munition crisis = scanda;
        chornic shortage of shells, bullets and guns on western front
        
        gov set up ministry of munitions (under dlg) = increased production of armaments
        new nations shell factories built
        latest machinery and mass production introduced via ministry
        ministry set wages and prices
        state-controlled over 20,000 munitions factories
      - RAILWAYS
        
        needed to move troops around the country
        
        ran as a single unified system
        guaranteed same profit levels as in 1913
      - SHIPPING
        
        1916 dlg became prime minister
        
        1916 - ministry of shipping
        
        used merchant ships for vital importats
        co-ord dock activities and railways
        increase rate of construction of merchant ships
        
        spring 1917 german u-boats sank 3.7 million tonnes of british shipping
        so ministry of shipping = convoy system - merchant ships sailed together with battle ships
    - - PREVIOUS
        
        april 1917 Britain down to 9 weeks supply of wheat, 4 days sugar
        
        shortage of food = $$$
        therefore rich people more than they needed - hoard
        poor couldn't afford anything
        
        1913 depended on foreign food
        tough bc britain is an island
        1916 shortages began to occur
        1917 desperate = german u boats sinking 1 in 4 merchant ships
      - SOLUTION
        
        SUPPLY
        
        network of local committees to persuade farmers to turn pasture land into arable land
        
        1918
        
        additional 3 million acres of arable land cultivated
        
        wheat production rose by 1 mill tones
        
        potato crop by 1.5 mill tonnes
        
        DEMAND
        
        MINISTRY OF FOOD
        
        subsidised price of bread "nine penny loaf" = price of loaf fell
        
        set up local committees to organise voluntary rationing - royal family supported (said they were going to reduce bread and flour used)
        
        introduced compulsory rationing
        1918 sugar, meat, butter, jam and margarine rationed
    - - DLG denounced alcohol
        persuaded King to give it up
        restricted pub opening hours
        bank holidays, guy fawkes night, football league etc.
        postponed, cancelled or suspended