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Science and Scientific Research (Topics (7.History of scientific…
Science and Scientific Research
Topics
1.Scientific Research
contribution to a body of science
follows scientific method
2.Science
systematic & organized knowledge
in any area
acquired by scientific method
Divides into
Natural : naturally occurring objects
light objects matter earth celestial bodies human body
Divides into
Physical
Physics
chemistry
astronomy
Earth
geology
Life
biology
botany
others
precise , accurate , independent of person making the observation
Social : science of people & their behaviors
divides into
sociology
cognitive dissonance theory
Deterrence theory
Planned behavior theory
economics
psychology
ambiguity uncertainity error
Divides into :purpose
Basic/ Pure
Physics
Math
Biology
Applied/ Practical
Engineering
Medicine
3.Scientific Knowledge
generalized laws & theories
explaining behavior
using scientific method
divides into
Laws
observed patterns of behavior/phenomena
Newton's LAWS
Theories
systematic explanations of laws
Optics THEORY
electromagnetic THEORY
quantum mechanics
thermodynamics
Based ONLY on
Logic (theory)
Evidence (observations)
:red_cross: beliefs , faith , phillosophy
4.Scientific Research
2 level operation
Theoretical level
Empricial level
2 forms
inductive research
observed data> theory
theory building research
deductive research
test theory/concepts
theory testing research
Cycle of research
Skills
Theoretical> Know what
experience
Methodological> know how
standards
5.Scientific Method
standardized set of tecnhiques
to build scientific knowledge
valid observations
interpret them
generalize them
Characteristics
Replicability
duplicate identical results
Precision
can use the definitions to measure the concept
Falsifiabilty
theory stated can be disaproven
Parsimonius
simplest/most logical
:no_entry: if testing of basic laws/theory not allowed>cannot be called SCIENCE
:star: Empirical level of scientific Research
6.Types of Scientific Research
based on purpose
Exploratory Research
goals
scope out extent of phenomena/problem/behavior
generate initial ideas
test feasibility to make a more extensive study
new areas
:pencil2:how citizens are dissatisfied by gov actions during recession
Descriptive Research
observations
based on scientific method
documentations
:pencil2:role of technologies in spread of democracy in middle east
what where when
Explanatory Research
explanations for observtions
why how
connect dots
:pencil2: reasons behind adolescent crimes
7.History of scientific thought
prior 19th century
science was in philosophy
19th century
science scientists scientific method
3rd century BC
:check: Rationalism
Greek philosophers Plato Aristotle Socrates
Aristotle: Metaphysics
:no_entry: separated theology>study of gods
ontology >study of being & existence
universal science > first principles
law of non contradiction>truth derived from first principles/axioms
:red_cross: rationality
reason/justification as knowledge
:red_cross: knowledge is theory on faith
16th Century
Francis Bacon:phillospher
Empiricism
knowledge: :check:empirical :green_cross:reasoning
inductive
scientific method :warning:before Baconian method
:forbidden:rejection of theological : unobservable
Middle ages
fight between rationalism & empiricism
natural philosophy
Galileo
Issac Newton
18th century
German idealism
Immanuel Kant: German philosopher
Positivitism
Auguste comte French philospher
20th century
anti positivisim
post-positivism/empiricism
karl Bopper British philosopher
disapproving theories
critical research
max horkheimer
Jurgen Habermas