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1950's Civil Rights (Brown V. Topeka (Courses of Events (Black people…
1950's Civil Rights
Brown V. Topeka
Courses of Events
Black people went to different schools to White people but the Black schools were Underfunded.
In June 1951, Oliver Brown challenged this by going to court to equalise Black and White people in the same school, in Topeka, Kansas. This was rejected.
The NAACP persuaded Brown to try again, this time at the Supreme Court.
The NAACP lawyers argued that separate education created ‘low self-esteem and was psychologically harmful as well as restricting education achievement for black students.
On 17th May 1954, The Supreme Court ruled that all public school segregation wad unconstitutional. Brown won and schools were to be integrated.
Effect
Progress for Civil Rights?
All school segregation was now deemed unconstitutional.
All public schools had to become integrated.
Proved that Civil Rights could be achieved through legal, non-violent means.
Overturned the principle of Plessy v. Ferguson which meant other public services should in theory also be desegregated.
Set-back for Civil Rights?
Ruling did not give a date for integration
Ruling left the speed of integration up to individual states, weakening the force of the law.
Most schools in Southern states ignored the ruling
Caused whites in the South to form White Citizens Councils to stop further integration and the KKK began to re-emerge.
Cause
Despite Black people had equal rights in the constitution, states were legally entitled to pass their own laws. This meant that states could pass laws that discriminated against Black people, other known as the ‘Jim Crow’ Laws.
In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled individual states could impose segregation. They said it was ‘Separate but equal’. Segregation WAS constitutional.
Little Rock High School
Cause
School integration was met with bitter resistance. Arkansas was one state that had done little to integrate its schools.
In 1957, the Supreme Court ordered the Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, to let 9 black students attend a white school in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Faubus ordered his state troops to prevent the black students from attending school. He claimed he could not ‘guarantee their safety’.
Faubus only backed down when President Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students. They stayed for 6 weeks.
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Effect
Publicity – worldwide shock, USA shock.
Black students integrated - further state/school integration
Federal Government interfere spend in troops.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Cause
In 1955, Rosa Parks went on one of the public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. She was sitting near the front of the bus which was usually know as the "White Section" of the bus. She was then demanded to move back for a White Person
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