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Topic 2 Review (2.9 Photosynthesis (U3: Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue…

- - - - Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
        
        Thylakoid: Is where the first stage occurs (light dependent)
        
        These are the single discs and a stack of these are called the Granum.
        
        Stroma: Where the second stage happens. (Light independent)
        
        The Stroma is the aqueous space that surrounds the Granum, and Thylakoids. But is inside the double membranes.
  - - - There are various forms of chlorophyll but they all appear green to us.
      - This is because they absorb red and blue light but intermediate green light less effectively. Therefore wavelengths of green light are reflected, and not absorbed.
    - - Is a graph showing the percentage of light absorbed by a pigment or group of pigments.
  - - - One of the essential steps in photosynthesis is photolysis. This is the splitting of water. The H+ are used in the first stage of photosynthesis. The e- are used in the second stage of photosynthesis. Oxygen is a valuable waste product.
    - - Energy is needed for photosynthesis
      - This energy is obtained by absorbing light. The light energy absorbed is converted to chemical energy in carbohydrates.
      - Chemical reactions that involve putting energy in are described as endothermic.
- - - - Active Transport
      - Synthesis of molecules
      - Cell division
      - Muscle contractions
    - - ATP is the immediate source of energy in a cell.
      - The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy.
      - The break down of glucose is a long series of reactions and therefore the energy release takes linger.
  - - - This is because less energy is released.
    - - When large amounts of energy is needed for strenuous, explosive exercise, the aerobic pathway cannot 'step up' its production of ATP quickly enough.
      - In environments that are deficient in oxygen.
    - - Glucose
        
        Animals
        
        Lactic acid + 2ATP
        
        Muscle cramps and the build up of lactic acid in the muscles.
        
        Plants and Yeast
        
        Alcohol
        
        Ethanol and Carbondioxide + 2ATP
  - - - C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6O2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
      - Glucose + Oxygen -- Carbon dioxide + Water + 38ATP
    - - C6H12O6 -- 2 Lactic Acids + 2ATP