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Cells (Cell Theory (Cells are the smallest unit of life, Living cells…

- - - - Min. distance by which 2 points can be separated and seen as 2 separate points
  - - - Animal cell
        
        Plasma/ cell surface membrane
        
        Nucleus
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Mitochondria (if appropriately stained)
      - Plant cell
        
        1-4: same as animal cell
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        Tonoplast & Large Central Vacuole
        
        Cell Wall
- - - - Found in all E-cells (except for mature phloem sieve tube elements, rbc)
        
        Functions
        
        2. Contain DNA that carries instruction for protein synthesis
        
        Essential for cell division
        
        1. Controls the functions of the entire cell by regulating gene expression.
        
        Structure
        
        Nuclear envelope
        
        1. Double Membrane
        
        Membranes separated by fluid-filled space of 25 nm --> Outer membrane continuous with rER
        
        Nuclear pores
        
        Lined by a protein octet
        
        Function: Allow exchange of substances b/w nucleus & cytoplasm
        
        Water-soluble & ionic compounds
        
        Ribosomal units
        
        Macromolecules (e.g. proteins)
        
        rRNA
        
        Nucleoplasm
        
        Contain ground substances
        
        Chromatin
        
        Euchromatin
        
        2 more items...
        
        Heterochromatin
        
        3 more items...
        
        Chemical substances
        
        Nucleotides
        
        Nucleolus
        
        Dense, roughly spherical bodies in the nucleus, not surrounded by membrane
        
        Organized from "nucleolar organizing regions" of chromosomes
        
        Function: site of synthesis & assembly of rRNA, a component of ribosomes
    - - Consists of extensive 3D network of membranous tubules (cisternae).
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Structure
        
        "Smooth" = Lack of ribosomes on surface
        
        Consists of meshwork of fine tubules
        
        Functions
        
        Lipid synthesis
        
        e.g. phospholipids, steroids, cholestrol
        
        Detoxification of harmful drugs, alcohol, barbiturates, waste metabolic products
        
        3.Storage & Release of Calcium ions
        
        sER of some stomach cells secrete Hydrochloric acid
        
        Rough ER
        
        Structure
        
        "Rough" = presence of ribosomes on surface
        
        2. System of flattened membrane-bound sacs (cisternae)
        
        Functions
        
        1. Protein synthesis
        
        2.Increases SA for biochemical reactions within the cell
        
        Allows for localization of metabolic reactions
        
        Contains enzymes on membrane that can synthesize phospholipids = transported to and fuse with plasma membrane for growth of cell
        
        5. Stores secretions (e.g. hormones)
        
        4. Intracellular transport network b/w nucleus & cytoplasm, & various parts of cytoplasm
      - Cisternae space
        
        Separates internal compartment of ER from cytosol
        
        Continuous with space between membranes of nuclear envelope
      - Similarity b/w sER & rER
        
        Originates from/ Continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope
    - - Consists of a stack of smooth surfaced, flattened membrane-bound sacs (cisternae), and a system of associated vesicles (Golgi vesicles)
        
        Cis face
        
        Closely associated w rER or sER
        
        Receives products by accepting transport vesicles from ER
        
        Vesicles fuse their membrane to the cis face of GA, empty soluble contents into GA's cisternal space
        
        Trans face
        
        Pinches off vesicles containing modified protein molecules from GA for transport to other sites
      - Functions
        
        Receives proteins & lipids from ER and chemically modifies them
        
        E.g. Glycosylation --> short carbo chains added to proteins = glycoproteins
        
        2. Sorts & packs proteins and targets them to various cellular lovations
        
        e.g. Intracellular transport: carrying membrane proteins from trans face to plasma membrane, fuse w it and enlarges it.
        
        Formation of lysosomes
        
        Formation of cellulose cell wall in plants