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Gaps in knowledge to zoo animal welfare (Melfi et al 2009) (GAPS (G1 (3…
Gaps in knowledge to zoo animal welfare (Melfi et al 2009)
GAPS
G1
3 Indicators for poor welfare:
Health
frequency of disease
parasite burdens
(reduce longevity and/or fecundity
physiological measure
(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity
1) behaviour
stereotypical
self- directed displacement
self injuries
deviations from "wild type
3 reasons why the approaches to zoo animal welfare are limited:
2) based on overly simplistic assumption- absence/reduction of poor/good welfare equates
3)many exotic sp. do not seem to display poor welfare indices
1) many sp. held in zoos are not closely related to domestic sp.
G2 H&H PRACTICE
SOLUTION
Systematic
empirical
studies
Impacts of H&H on zoo animals and welfare
Consider from animal perspective
Best practice: current practice
"if it aint broke, dont fix it"-investigated only when problems arisen
difficult in determining which element of H&H cause detrimental welfare
*eg: Macaca nigra-affected by different captive environmental variable
welfare biased
based on anthropogenic view not the animals
"tried tested" method
part of zoo tradition practice
G3 Many species are less known and generalized
Study shortfall for nonmammals
Heavy emphasis on mammal research
Focus upon great apes
Rules of thumb in assuming the animal welfare from other taxa
Taxa bias
SOLUTIONS
S1
S 1.1
Positive Welfare
Refer to their emotion
Identify their needs of animals and ensure zoo animal management protocols.
Identify animal that thriving in zoos and replicate the conditions they are kept under to manage their conspecifics in zoos
"Top down" approach more effective than "bottom up"approach
By experiment
Aim to know what animal want from environment
Offering choice simultaneously resources such as food, flooring substrates, enrichment items.
Data can provide information (Animal priorities and their changes over time)
Care is needed when carried out the experiment (preference testing)
By logistical limitation of resources
The strength motivation of animal can be measured
Work = strength of motivation
How much resources they want
Work harder for resources
Can determine a hierarchy of the needs
Determined & measures animal work whether animal will :
Learn new behaviour
Expend energy for any obstacle
Endure something
S 1.2
Provide luxurious environment
To motivate the implementation of conditions that are over the requirements
Ensure great animal welfare
Hard to achieve
Provide animals with conditions
That meet their needs
Promoting the use
Expression of positive welfare indicators
S2
EBF (Evidence-based Framework)
Components
Types of evidence
Monitors the impact of decision taken
Handled by skilled professionals and practitioners
Ways to evaluate evidence:
Objective Evidence
Empirical data that cannot be manipulated by personal opinions
Subjective Evidence
Non-empirical data. Might influenced by personal perception.
POE (Post Occupancy Evaluation)
Evaluate animals behaviour of the animals after being placed in new or modified enclosures
Measure the impact of the new or modified enclosures.
Reduce gaps by providing guidelines for better knowledge of animal welfare
