Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY (Digestion System (Anthropoda (Ant) (Foregut (Crop),…

- - - - Stomach
        
        Digestion and Absorption Process
        
        As storage function
      - Intestine
        
        Main Site of Digestion and Absorption
    - - Rectum
        
        Form and Store faeces
      - Large intestine
        
        Reabsorption (water, ions & some microbial dige4stion
    - - Mouth
        
        Tongue
        
        Obtain food
        
        Teeth
        
        Chewing Food
        
        Saliva
        
        Glands to lubricate food
      - Esophagus
        
        Transport food (mouth -> stomach)
- - - - Mouth --> Pharynx --> Esophagus --> Crop --> Gizzard --> long Intestine --> Anus
    - - Food Storage Chamber
    - - Grinding
    - - Digestion & Absorption
  - - - Dissolve solid --> Liquid form
        
        By digestive juices
    - - Flexible
        
        Can Expand
      - Hold temporary liquefied food
    - - Active digestion
      - Aid of Digestive Enzymes
        
        Secreted by single gland
    - - Absorbed Nutrients
    - - Remove undigested waste
  - - - Contains Digestive Enzymes
        
        Break down food into smaller particles
    - - Produce bile
        
        Stored in gall bladder
        
        Emulsifier to increase breakdown of fat
    - - Absorp Nutrients
    - - For plant eaters (Herbivore)
    - - Secrete digestive enzyme
      - Neutralize acidity of the chyme
    - - In lower position of the intestine
      - Increase surface area of intestine
        
        Efficiency for nutrients absorption
      - Some Fish
        
        Shark, Lungfish & Rays
  - - - Vitals for ruminants
      - Aim : increase enzymes access to food
    - - Long & Sticky
      - Feeds on insects & flies
    - - Maxillary Teeth
        
        Upper jaw
        
        Hold ingested food
      - Volmerine Teeth
        
        Has a pair
        
        Capture & hold its prey
    - - Short & Elastic
    - - Partially digested
        
        By digestive enzyme & Gatric juice
    - - Absorp Nutrients
      - Pancreas
        
        Secretes pancreatic juice
      - Liver
        
        Produce bile juice
    - - Digest undigested wastes & absorbed nutrients
      - End at Cloaca
        
        Undigested wastes, urine, eggs & sperm are passed
  - - - Need to consume food depends on body weight
    - - Seed-eating bird
        
        Store food temporary
      - "Milk" Production
        
        Feed the young
    - - Proventriculus
        
        Secete HCl, pepsinogen, mucus
      - Gizzard
        
        Thick muscular wall
        
        tough lining
        
        Grind & Break food
    - - Large in seed-eating bird
      - Absent in nectarivorous & frugivorous birds
    - - Receives pancreatic juices from pancreas & bile salts from liver
  - - - 16Hrs of time eating
      - Microorganis fermented soluble & insoluble materials
      - Cow, Sheep
    - - Lower spend time eating than ruminant
      - Stomach
        
        Digest soluble materials
        
        Move rapidly
      - Large intestine
        
        Insoluble materials
        
        Move Slowly
      - Horse, Rabbit
  - - - Neutralize acid
    - - 4 compartments
        
        Rumen --> Reticulum --> Omasum --> Abomasum
    - - Microbial Fermentation
        
        Insoluble cellulose materials
        
        by Bacteria / protozoa
        
        Produce cellulas : digest fibre
        
        End product
        
        Ammonia
        
        Volatile fatty acids (VFA)
        
        convert to glucose (guconeogenesis)
        
        Free fatty acids
        
        Carbon dioxides
    - - True Stomach
    - - Can produce Vitamin B Complex
    - - Extract energy from fibrous part of diet (cellulose)
        
        Disadvantages : VFA --> glucose in liver require energy (less efficient)
      - Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
        
        Produce protein out of urea & others NPN
        
        convert to microbial protein for other animals
        
        Disadvantages : Waste good source of protein
      - Can synthesize vitamis
  - - - Salivary Glands, pancreas & liver
    - - Digestive tract
    - - Saliva
        
        Amylase : Digest Carbohydrates
        
        Mucus : Lubricates food & Facilitate Swallowing
    - - Opening esophagus
      - Allow bolus move from esophagus --> stomach
    - - Secretion
        
        Stimulate G-cells
        
        Hormone Gastrin
        
        Gastrin stimulate parietal cells
        
        Secrete HCl
        
        Chief cells
        
        Secrete pepsinogen : activated into pepsin
      - Digestion
        
        Pepsin & HCl
        
        Digest protein --> polypeptides
        
        HCl : acidic environment to kill bacteria
      - Absorption
        
        Limited by thick mucuos layer
      - Pyloric spchinter
        
        opening stoach to small intestine
        
        prevent move backwards
    - - Motility
        
        propels chyme towards large intestine
        
        Segmentation mixes chyme
      - Secretion
        
        Receive biles
        
        From liver & gall bladder
        
        HCO3 & enzymes from pancreas
        
        Epithelial cells of mucosa
        
        produces enzymes
      - Digestion
        
        Amylase : starch --> maltose
        
        Maltase : maltose --> glucose
        
        Trypsin & chymotrypsin : polypeptides --> shorter fragments
        
        Dipeptides : dipeptides --> amino acids
        
        Lipase : triglycerides --> FFA, gylcerol, monoglycerides
      - Walls contain glands : secrete digestive enzymes
      - Villus : increase surface area for absorption
    - - Peristalsis
        
        Unidirectional : mouth --> stomach --> anus
        
        contraction & relaxation
      - Segmentation
        
        Circular muscle contraction
        
        back & forth
        
        mix intestinal content