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1917 Russian Revolution Analysis (Peasants, workers and other ethnic…
1917 Russian Revolution Analysis
Overthrowing of Tsar (2 March 1917)
Rise of Marxian Socialism through Lenin (Bolsheviks)
15 March 1917 Abdicated
Short run
Putilov Steel Works closed (21 February 1917) which made 100,000 people lose their jobs
"War accelerated the development of a revolutionary situation" - Hill
Inflation caused cost of foods and fuels to quadruple but income to double
Fall of transport system caused Petrograd and Moscow to receive 1/3 of food by end 1916
Shortage of food left all common citizens to be very upset
SOURCE: 1914 vs 1917 prices - 2 Bags of Flour / 1/3 Bag of Flour 5 Bags of Tato / 3/4 Bags of Tato
5kg Meat / 0.8 kg Meat
Waking up early to get bread as they would ration it
War took 15 million men from the farms and trains causing food shortages
200,000 workers protested for International Women's Day (23 February 1917)
300,000 people protesting (25 February 1917) right before mutinying of the Petrograd Garrison (27 February 1917) last step before abdication
Soldiers brought in and orders to shoot the crowd
50 killed
Demonstration / soldiers mutiny
Mutiny in St Petersburg and Petrograd and Kronstadt
Soldiers shot their own officers and joined the demonstration
Wars occurred before 1917 Rev.
DEFEAT IN: The Crimean War (1854-56) | The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) | World War I (1914-18) CAUSED:
Discontent between people
Gov. and Economy to suffer
Militarily weak
Army was badly led and poorly equipped
9.15/13 Million soldiers died
Regime Credibility
Tsar left to war (1915)
Control over the bureaucracy and the army - refused to share power
Regime taken over by Rasputin and Tsarina
Disliked Parliaments
Rasputin murdered (December 1916)
Rasputin had infinite power - he was corrupt - people payed him money for him to hire them - he fired people that didn't pay him
5 prime ministers
total of 18 changes in 5 senior positions
4 Ministers of the Interior
Rasputin was thought to have had an affair with Tsarina
Russia was far too big for Tsarina to rule
Bad communication - bad roads and few railways.
Tsar's failure to modernise
Smith believes that "the collapse of the autocracy was rooted in a crisis of modernisation"
Population doubled in Moscow so by 1905 there was an average of 16 people living in one apartment
Russia was behind in development (few roads and limited industrialisation)
Pares denounced the Tsarina as an "ignorant, blind and hysterical woman" who selected ministers "on the test of their subservience" over ability.
Peasants, workers and other ethnic groups
Poor (barely escaped famine)
Workers (mines, factories, workshops) - Low Wages, Poor Housing and Work Accidents
Workers very often oppressed
Large workforce, disaffected and concentrated in Petrograd, the capital
Many peasants died in the war
The Tsar
More interested in family life
Didn't understand forces of industrialisation and nationalism growing throughout Russia
Disregard for people's struggles
1905 revolution
Trotsky saw the 1905 revolution as "a prologue to the two revolutions of 1917"
200 killed in the Bloody Sunday Massacre (9 January 1905)
Contradicted freedoms given in the October Manifesto
Fraud
Tsar's failure to work with the four Dumas her the period 1906-1914
Opposition to government
Kadets / SRs / Bolsheviks / Mensheviks
New Ideas
Feudalism / Capitalism / Socialism / Communism
12 March Army abandoned the Tsar – soldiers mutinied and refused to put down the riots. Gov. lost control of the country.
Duma abandoned Tsar on 13 March
Long run
Structural problems
Pyramid - Peasants were the base of Russia, and peasants pillar was about to collapse
