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Nervous System 2 (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) (GABA deficiency (Signs…

- - - - Anxiety
        • Alcohol craving
        • Seizures
        • Insomnia
      - Panic attacks
        • Trembling
        • Palpitations
        • Cold or clammy hands
        • Ringing in the ears
        • Carbohydrate craving
        • PMS
    - - Decreased GABA levels results in greater excitatory NTM to function
        by allowing allow more Na+ particles to enter the neuron thus
        generating the excitatory effect
  - - - B6 supplementation has had evidence in improving symptoms of
        
        Akathisia (movement disorder) (side effect from some nueroleptic drugs used in
        schizophrenia)
        
        Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
        
        Depression
        – Hyperkinetic cerebral dysfunction syndrome
        – Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
        – Autism
        – Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements)
- - - - Has been linked to neuronal injury and neurodegenerative diseases
        
        Alzheimer's disease
        
        Multiple Sclerosis
        
        Epilepsy
        
        Bipolar
        • Migraine
        • Schizophrenia
- - - - Sympathetic Nervous System
        
        FOUND IN
        
        brain
        
        some peripheral nerve fibres
    - - released by
        hypothalamus
        
        inhibit the release of prolactin by the pituitary
    - - locomotion
      - learning
      - working memory
      - cognition and emotion
    - - motivation, reward-seeking behaviour and
        attention process
      - affect-laden experience
      - response to stress
    - - TYROSINE
        
        rate limiting enzyme
        
        tyrosine
        hydroxylase, which is regularly saturated
    - - ADHD
      - schizophrenia
      - Tourette’s syndrome
      - autism
    - - breakdown metabolite homovanallic acid in the CSF
    - - Functions of Dopamine:
        • Role in movement control – motor function
        • Role in cognition – memory, attention, problem solving
        • Role in pleasure and motivation – provides euphoric feelings and
        sensations, increasing the desire to be motivated (stops
        procrastination)
        – cocaine →directly produces dopamine release →enhancing feelings of
        pleasure →addiction
        • Anti-psychotics reduce dopamine levels thereby reducing desire for
        pleasurable stimuli therefore reducing the ‘wanting
    - - symptoms of:
        • Rigidity, tremors, bradykinesia (characteristic of Parkinson’s)Ldopa
        (levodopa), a precursor to dopamine is a drug used in the
        treatment of Parkinson’s disease
        L-dopa crosses the BBB and readily converts to dopamine in
        the brain cells. However, B6 is contraindicated to patients on
        L-dopa as it converts it to Dopamine which does not cross the
        BBB and therefore loses its effect
        • Care must be taken with people on MAOI’s in prescribing
        monoamines or their precursors