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4.1-4.2 (4.2 Energy flow (Living organisms cannot convert heat to other…

- - - - Producers release energy from C compounds by cell respiration and then use it for cell activities. Energy released in this way is lost to the environment as waste heat.
  - - - ATP supplies energy for
        
        Pumping molecules or ions across membranes by active transport
        
        Synthesizing large molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins
        
        Moving things around inside the cell
  - - - 10% of the energy in the biomass of organisms in one trophic level will become part of the biomass of organisms in the next trophic level. As losses occur at each stage in a food chain, there is less and less energy available to each successive trophic level. After only a few stages, the amount of energy remaining would not be enough to support another trophic level.
- - - - Members of a species may be reproductively isolated
        in separate populations but if they could still interbreed if the populations came together again, they are the same species.
    - - three components for sustainability
        
        Recycling of wastes – certain bacteria can detoxify harmful waste byproducts (e.g. denitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas)
        
        Nutrient availability – saprotrophic decomposers ensure the constant recycling of inorganic nutrients within an environment
        
        Energy availability – light from the sun provides the initial energy source for almost all communities
  - - - Synthesises its own organic molecules from simple inorganic substances (e.g. CO2, nitrates)
      - Energy for this process is derived from sunlight (photosynthesis) or via the oxidation of inorganic molecules (chemosynthesis)
      - Because autotrophs synthesise their own organic molecules they are commonly referred to as producers
    - - MODES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
        
        Saprotrophs release digestive enzymes and then absorb the external products of digestion (decomposers)
        
        Consumers ingest organic molecules from living or recently killed organisms
        
        Detritivores ingest organic molecules found in the non-living remnants of organisms (e.g. detritus, humus)
      - Because heterotrophs cannot produce their own organic molecules and obtain it from other sources, they are called consumers
      - Obtains organic molecules from other organisms (either living / recently killed or their non-living remains and detritus)
  - - - Building a verdant foundation
      - Selecting the right plants
      - Maintaining appropriate conditions