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Stress and Fatigue (INFLAMMATION IS STRESS (Inflammation stimulates the…
Stress and Fatigue
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Chronic stress
Providing levels return to normal reasonably quickly, acute activation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) presents minimal detrimental effect on
the body
Long term activation - adrenal exhaustion and hypo-activation - have been
associated with a myriad of disease processes
Elevated levels of circulating cortisol have a direct inhibitory effect on:
– reproductive axis
– growth hormone release
– thyroid axis
As the body cycles through prolonged or repeated alarm reactions,
receptors in the hippocampus become desensitised and damaged - it
is unknown if the damage is permanent
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OESTROGEN AND STRESS
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High physiological levels of oestradiol among women
increase basal concentrations of cortisol and ACTH.
Following the precipitous decline in the high, sustained levels of
oestradiol and progestins during pregnancy, postpartum women
experience greater HPA axis response to stressors.
Types of stress
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Chronic Stress (Distress)
– constant/repeated stress
– no recovery
– impairs immune response/general health
THYROID
Activation of the HPA axis with resultant increased CRH and cortisol is
associated with decreased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH).
Glucocorticoids also inhibit the activity of the enzyme 5-deiodinase,
which converts the relatively inactive thyroxine to the biologically active
triiodothyronine.
TISSUE DAMAGE
A number of studies have shown changes in the production of reactive
oxygen species, including lipid peroxides, during periods of
psychological stress
Stressors have been shown to increase activity of neutrophils,
causing release of oxidative metabolites and proteolytic enzymes into
the surrounding tissue
PREAMTURE AGING
Psychological stress - both perceived stress (subjective) and chronicity
of stress (objective) - is significantly associated with higher oxidative
stress, lower telomerase activity, and shorter telomere length,
which are known determinants of cell senescence and longevity
Women with the highest levels of perceived stress have telomeres
shorter on average by the equivalent of at least one decade of
additional ageing compared to low stress women.
OBESITY INCREASES STRESS
Stress, primarily through hyperactivation of the HPA axis, appears to
contribute to the accumulation of fat tissue, and vice versa.
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Discuss the impact of stress on nutrient status and modulating the
HPA axis using nutritional therapy
Discuss the range of factors contributing to Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome and the benefits of using nutritional therapy
