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Digestive physiology (Food Digestion (Digestive tract of animals (Special…

- - - - Simple digestive tract
      - Incomplete digestion
        system
      - less efficient
    - - Complex digestive tract
      - complete digestion system
      - more efficient
      - Special Digestive Tract of Different Animals
        
        Invertebrates
        
        Antropoda
        (Ant)
        
        Crop
        
        Annelid
        (earthworm)
        
        Crop
        
        Gizzard
        
        Vertebrates
        
        Aves
        
        Crop
        
        Proventriculus
        
        Gizzard
        
        Fish
        
        Spiral valve
        
        Gizzard
        
        Pyloric caeca
        
        Amphibian
        
        Vomerine teeth
        
        Mammals
        
        consist of
        
        alimentary canal
        
        accessory glands
        
        mouth
        
        segmentation
        
        1 more item...
        
        peritalsis
        
        1 more item...
        
        non-ruminant herbivores
        
        simple stomach, large cecum
        
        insectivores
        
        short intestine, no cecum
        
        carnivore
        
        short intestine and colon, small cecum
  - - - Hydrolases
      - Digest specific food type
      - pH sensitive
      - Active based on temperature
    - - Amylase
        
        Break starch into maltose
      - Maltase
        
        Break maltose into glucose
      - Trypsin
        
        break long polypeptides into short fragments
      - Lipase
        
        break down triglycerides into FFA, glycerol and monoglycerides
      - Dipeptidase
        
        break dipeptides to amino acids
  - - - process
        
        in small intestines
        
        motility
        
        peritalsis
        
        segmentation
        
        secretion
        
        bile from gall bladder and liver
        
        HCO3 (bicarbonates) and enzymes from pancreas
        
        epithelial cells of mucosa secretes enzymes
        
        digestion
        
        structure of small intestine
        
        adapted to maximize the digestion and absorption
        
        in stomach
        
        digestion
        
        pepsin and HCL digest protein to polypeptides
        
        secretion
        
        proteins products stimulate G cells to secrete gastrin
        
        gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL
        
        chief cells secretes pepsinogens
        
        activated into pepsin by HCL
        
        absorption
    - - saliva neutralizes the acid produced by microbes
      - 4 compartment of stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
      - rumen: microbial fermentation takes place
      - abomasum (true stomach): chemical digestion takes place
      - ruminant gets vitamin from microbes
      - e.g: camel, ilama, giraffe, proboscis monkey's
    - - for hindgut fermenter: soluble materials digested in stomach, insoluble materials are digested in large intestine
      - for foregut fermenter: before reach the enzymatic digestion site, soluble and insoluble materials fermented by microbe
  - - - Stomach
      - Intestine
    - - Large Intestine
      - Rectum
    - - Mouth
      - Esophagus
    - - Gizzard
        
        Help in grinding coarse food
      - Spiral Valve
        
        Increase surface area for absorption
      - Vomerine teeth
        
        To capture and hold prey
      - Crop
        
        Temporary food storage
      - Pyloric caeca
        
        secrete digestive enzymes
        
        neutralize the acidity of the chyme
      - Proventiculus
        
        Secretes HCl, pepsinogen and mucus
- - - - fructose
    - - glucose and galactose, amino acids
        
        utilizes carrier and linked to Na transport
    - - FFA
    - - minerals