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Immune cells and tissues (Macroscopic anatomy (Spleen, Bone marrow,…
Immune cells and tissues
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Adaptive
T cells
-bone marrow derived cell that is educated in the thymus
-α/β TCR endow T cells with high degree specificity for antigen
-need to be activated to exert effector function
-cellular correlates of immunological memory
CD4+ T cells (helper)
-MHC II restricted
-cytokine secretion
-dynamic functional differentiation into Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg
-regulators of immune responses
CD8+ T cell (killer)
-MHC I restricted
-cytotoxicity (perforin, granzymes)
NKT cells, semi-invariant T cells, γ/？T cells
B cells
-mature in bone marrow
-B cell receptor engagement leads to proliferation and transition into plasma cells (effector B cells) which secretes antibodies
-antibodies important for opsonization, complement activation, neutralization
-immunological memory
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Innate
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Cells
Granulocytes
neutrophils
-abundant in blood, but not in health peripheral tissues;
-increase production in bone marrow when in response to infection
-good at phagocytosing extracellular pathogens e.g bacteria
-Chronic granulomatous disease
-Myeloid leukaemia
eosinophils
-contain arginine-rich basic protein
-majority present in tissues while some in blood
-parasites coated with antibodies or complement fragments can lead to degranulation
-2 types of granules: microbicidal(toxic proteins and radicals) + immunomodulatory (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines)
basophils
-recruitment to site of IgE-mediated allergic reactions
-release of histamine and cytokines (IL-4, IL-13)
-involved in helper T cell (CD4+ T cell) differentiation
-important and similar role to eosinophils/mast cells
Monocytes/Macrophages
-macrophages are tissue-resident forms of circulatory monocytes
-relatively long lived phagocytic cells
-orchestrate immune responses (recruiting other cells)
-scavenger cell that clean dead cells and cell debris
Mast cells
-found in connective tissues
-critical in leukocyte recruitment by increasing vascular permeability
-potent providers of histamine
-release of histamines and cytokines (IL-4, IL-13)
-Fc receptor cross-linking
Dendritic cells
-found in tissues and lymphatic organs
-migratory(mature)and resident (immature)
-potent at sensing pathogens and other danger signals
-Critical role in antigen capture and antigen presentation to T cells
-influence polarisation of T cells through cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules
Natural killer cells
-bone marrow derived cell
-activation by detect cell missing surface MHC class I receptors (feature of infected cell, where MHC being down-regulated
-cytotoxicity and cytokine production
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