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Cardiac Anomalies (Merck Manual) (Atrial Septal Defect (Symptoms…
Cardiac Anomalies (Merck Manual)
Atrial Septal Defect
Introduction
Opening in the interatrial septum, causing a left to right shunt and volume overload of the right atrium and right ventricle.
Symptoms
Pulmonary hypertension
Atrial arrhythmia
Heart failure
Soft, midsystolic murmur at the upper left sternal border
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Treatment
Transcatheter device closure
Surgical repair
Coarctation of the Aorta
Symptoms
Chest pain
Fatigue
Headache
Heart Failure
Shock
Treatment
Balloon angioplasty
Surgical correction
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Introduction
This is the narrowing of the aortic lumen that results in upper extremity hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Symptoms
Cardiogenic shock and death.
Nonspecific systolic murmur
Introduction
Hypoplasia of the left ventricle, aortic/mitral valves and ascending aorta
Treatment
Surgical correction
Heart transplantation
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Diagnosis
Echcardiography
Symptoms
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Poor feeding
Continuous murmur at upper left sternal border
Introduction
Persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. Shunting will be left to right (from aorta to pulmonary artery).
Treatment
Catheter correction
Surgical correction
Ibuprofen
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Symptoms
Heart failure
Poor feeding
Cyanosis
Diaphoresis
Introduction
The primitive truncus does not divide into the pulmonary artery and aorta, resulting in a single, large arterial trunk. A mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will enter circulation.
Treatment
Surgical correction
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Symptoms
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary hypertension
Cyanosis
Introduction
Pulmonary veins do not connect to the left atrium
Treatment
Surgical correction
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Symptoms
Severe neonatal cyanosis
Heart failure
Introduction
Aorta arises directly from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. Oxygenated blood cannot reach the body efficiently.
Treatment
Surgical correction
Tricuspid Atresia
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Symptoms
Cyanosis
Heart failure
Introduction
Absence of the tricuspid valve. Accompanied by a hypoplastic right ventricle
Treatment
Surgical correction
Ventricular Septal Defect
Diagnosis
Echcardiography
Symptoms
Poor growth
Loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border
Dyspnea
Introduction
Opening in the interventricular septum, causing a shunt between the ventricles. Large defects cause a significant left to right shunt.
Treatment
Surgical correction
Tetralogy of Fallor
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Introduction
Treatment