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Ecology of the Peer Group : (Chronosystem Influences: Play/Activities…
Ecology of the Peer Group :
Socializing Agent
Human Development
Belonging/Social Interactions
Infancy/Toddlerhood
Secure attachment
Early Childhood (2-6)
Willingness of parents
Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Social-behavioral competence
Authoritarian, Permissive, Indifferent/uninvolved
Low competence in social interaction
Middle Childhood (6-13)
No longer need adults to structure social interactions
But children whose parents were engaged tend to develop closer ties to peers
Adolescence (13-18)
Closest relationships between one or two best friends, then the clique, then the crowd
Sense of Self
Infancy/Toddlerhood
6 mo - look to, vocalize to, smile at, touch other infants
Early Childhood (2-6)
More group play - opportunity to be assertive regarding ownership and to negotiate
Middle Childhood (6-13)
Greater independence from family and belonging to a group clarifies personal identity and enhances self-esteem
Adolescence (13-18)
Turn to parents
Future-oriented decisions
Moral issues
Turn to peers
Present-oriented decisions
Appearance
Parent vs. Peer Influence
Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Attached, internalize their values, little need to rebel, don't seek desperately seek acceptance from peers, included in family decision making, feel socially competent, individualistic
Authoritarian
alienate from parents' values, peer group provides understanding and acceptance, at risk for negative peer influence, works in collective-oriented
Permissive
unpopular children, drawn to antisocial peer groups, negative influence on values and behavior, peer group provides structural support that doesn't come from parents
Influence who children interact with
Psychological Development: Emotions
Poor peer relations in childhood linked to later neurotic/psychotic behavior/drop out of school
Social Development: Social Competence and Conformity
Age
Most susceptible to influence of peers in middle childhood
Situation
Conformity more apparent in ambiguous situations/unsure about what to do
Personal Values
Do affect one's likelihood of conforming to the peer group
Cognitive Development: Social Cognition
Preoperational (2-7)
Poor at understanding relationships between objects, events, and people
Concrete Operational (7-11)
Make theories about reality; too much faith in own reasoning
Formal Operational (11-on)
Conceptualize their own thoughts and discover the arbitrariness; diminished confidence; aware of others' reactions; conform to expectations
Conformity decreases with age
Erickson's Identity vs. Identity (role) confusion
Socializing Mechanisms
Reinforcement
(giving attention)
Acceptance into the group
Approving or disapproving of behavior
Modeling
(related to conformity)
Bandura
: Observing another child can affect another's consequent behavior:
Learn to do something new
Learn the consequences of behavior
Suggest how they can behave in a new situation
Seems to decrease from preschool to age 10
Large number of children can be influenced by one carefully selected model
Punishment
Teasing
Physical aggression
Rejection by the group
Apprenticeship
The expert helps the novice
ZPD
Macrosystem Influences: Developmental Tasks
Getting Along with Others
Recognition of the rights of others
Seeing another's perspective and verbal communication
Ability to empathize
First on an emotional level Second on a behavioral level Third on a cognitive level
Developing Morals and Values
Types of Morality
Piaget's Two Types
Morality of cooperation (aka autonomous)
Morality of constraint (aka heteronomous)
Rules as a Moral Component
Age 3-7 - sometimes observe the rules, sometimes not
Age 7 or 8 - concerned with mutual control and unification of rules
Age 11-12 - fix the rules in their groups
Parents
Instruction, reasoning, modeling, reinforcement, punishment
Peers
Real Experiences
Learning Appropriate Sociocultural Roles
Gender Roles
Appropriate gender-type play has been observed as early as age 2
Sex Education
Parents
Attitudes about sex, love, and marriage
Schools
Abstinence, STDs, menstruation, semen production, and pregnancy
Peers
Love, contraception, ejaculation, homosexuality, intercourse, masturbation, petting, and prostitution
Media
Excitement of sex without the consequences
Achieving Personal Independence and Identity
Social Support
Tangible
Sharing toys, clothes, money
Intellectual
Giving info or advice
Social
Companionship
Emotional
Listening and empathy
Chronosystem Influences: Play/Activities
Significance of Play
Parten's Observations (1932)
Solidarity
Infants/toddlers
Onlooker
2-yr-olds
Parallel
2 & 3-yr-olds
Associative
3 and particularly 4-yr-olds
Cooperative
4-5 yr-olds
Sutton-Smith's Observations (1971)
Imitative Play
Imitation of the important and powerful people from first year through age six.
Exploratory
Manipulation of objects from 1-3 yr.
Testing
Age 2 - older - test themselves in games
Model-building
Age 4 - put elements of their experiences together in unique ways
Rough and tumble play
May have evolutionary survival roots
Superhero/heroine play
Experience power unavailable in daily life
Infant/Toddler Peer Activities
2 mo. - oriented toward other babies
6-8 mo - look & touch
9-13 mo - sometimes fight over toys
2 yr - interact positively - imitate each other
Early Childhood Peer Activities
Peer interaction more frequent and complex
Exhibit social understanding in families by 18 mo.
10% of social interaction involves peers
Middle Childhood/Preadolescent Peer Activities
Games and Development
Psychological influence
Cognitive influence
Sociocultural Influence
30% of social interaction involves peers
More unsupervised interaction
More informal groups (initiated and overseen by youngsters themselves
Adolescent Peer Activities
Hang out (talk, TV, music, video games, be seen)
10 hours 45 minutes with electronic media per day
Peer Group Interaction
Development of Friendship
Early Childhood (to 4 years)
Momentary playmateship
Early to Middle Childhood (4-9)
One-way assistance
Middle Childhood (6-12)
Two-way, fair-weather cooperation
Middle Childhood to Adolescence (9-15)
Intimate, mutually share relationships
Adolescence to Adulthood (12+)
Autonomous, interdependent friendships
Acceptance/Neglect/Rejection
Acceptance
Neglect/Rejection
Peer Sociotherapy
Emotional
Social
Language
Physical
Dynamics and Social Hierarchies
Clique Inclusion & Exclusion
Clique Inclusionary Techniques
Invitation
Probation
Favors or notable actions
Exclusionary Techniques
Out-group subjugation
In-group subjugation
Stigmatization
Bullies & Victims
Cyberbullying
Antisocial Behavior: Gangs
Elementary school failure at ages 6-12
Delinquency onset by age 12
Gang joining at 13-15
Conduct problems at 3 & 4 yrs.
Serious, violent, and chronic delinquency from mid-adolescence
Prosocial Behavior: Peer Collaboration, Tutoring, Counseling
Collaboration/Consensus
Tutor/analyze & synthesize information
Counsel/Care, Help, Give support
Mesosystem Influences: Adult-Child Interaction
Adult-Structured Peer Groups
Adult-Mediated Group Interaction
Adult Leadership Styles
Authoritarian
Democratic (Authoritative)
Laissez-faire (Permissive)
Team Sports