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Fire (Causes of fire (Unsafe act (e.g. welding near combustible material),…

- - - - Understanding of the principles of combustion
      - Identification of the various types of extinguisher
      - How to identify whether extinguisher is appropriate to use
      - Principles of use & limitations of extinguishers
      - Considerations for personal safety when using extinguishers
      - How to tackle fires correctly
      - Any specific issues relating to the workplace
  - - - Access requirements depend on building height, floor area & whether fire main is fitted
      - Access to a minimum of 15% of the perimeter or within 45m of every point of building
      - Buildings with floor levels over 18m or basements more than 10m below ground level must allow rescue service vehicle access
    - - Low rise buildings - no special requirements
      - High rise buildings - facilities such as firefighting lifts & firefighting stairs
  - - - Travel distances
        
        Minimise distance to be travelled to a safe point (usually outside in the open air)
        
        More than one route of escape from any point in the building
      - Stairs
        
        Part of the escape route & particularly important
        
        Should be within a fire-resistant structure
        
        Fitted with fire doors
        
        Wide enough to handle the numbers of people likely to use them
        
        Non-slip
        
        Adequately lit
      - Passageways / corridors
        
        Routes wide enough to handle the numbers of people likely to use them
        
        No combustible material stored on the route or on walls (noticeboards)
        
        No obstructions (e.g. vending machines)
        
        Adequately lit
      - Fire doors
        
        Doors to open in direction of travel
        
        Should be easy to operate (ergonomics)
        
        Not locked
        
        Not wedged open at any time
        
        Fitted with vision panel
        
        Fitted with smoke seals or intumescent strips around frame
      - Emergency lighting
        
        Alarm, call points & firefighting equipment
        
        Exit doors
        
        Escape routes
        
        Signs
      - Exit & directional signs
        
        Green safe condition signs
        
        At each point requiring a change of direction
        
        Clearly located & easy to understand
        
        Not relent on language only
      - Assembly point
        
        Final destination at the end of the means of escape
        
        Should be outside in the open air away from danger
        
        More than one assembly point depending on number of people and site layout
        
        Means of communication between assembly points
        
        Clearly signed
        
        Nominated person in charge
    - - Should be documented
      - Should specify action to take on discovering a fire
      - Action to take individual on hearing the alarm
      - Action to take individual when evacuating
      - Nominated staff with responsibilities to be performed in the event of a fire
      - Detail foreseeable emergencies
      - Responsibilities of fire marshals
        
        Assisting / directing people towards emergency exits
        
        Conducting 'sweeps' to ensure building is empty
        
        Assisting the vulnerable to escape safely
        
        Checking that escape routes are clear on a daily basis
        
        Liaising with the fire service in the event of an emergency
        
        Assisting in internal reviews once emergency is over
      - Fire drills
        
        Purpose
        
        Familiarise people with evacuation procedure
        
        Test adequacy of means of escape
        
        Allow those with responsibilities to practice them
        
        Roll call
        
        Method of accounting for all personnel
        
        Where public have access. 'sweeps' by fire marshals must be conducted
        
        Various roll call systems linked to access and egress methods in building
        
        Provisions for disabled persons
        
        Staff with disabilities must be specifically accommodated for in emergency plan
        
        Wheelchairs users need access to an evacuation chair if situated above the ground floor with nominated persons to provide assistance
        
        Workers who are deaf should have access to alarms that emit light rather than sound
- - - - Sources of Heat/Ignition
      - Sources of Fuel
      - Sources of Oxygen
    - - People in the workplace
      - Consider how fire, heat or smoke may spread
      - Identify locations of people at risk
      - Identify vulnerable groups at risk (elderly, disabled)
      - Consider how people will be warned
      - Consider members of the fire response service
    - - Risk reduction by prevention
        
        Reduce sources of ignition
        
        Minimise potential fuel for fire
        
        Reduce oxygen sources
        
        Inspection of areas
        
        Safe systems
      - Risk reduction by protection
        
        Prevention of fire spread
        
        Fire detection and alarm
        
        Fire-fighting equipment
        
        Means of escape
        
        Roles & responsibilities
        
        Evacuation training via fire drills
        
        Maintenance on fire equipment
        
        Sprinkler system
    - - Record significant findings
      - Emergency plan (develop and communicate)
      - Fire management plan
    - - Change in legislation
      - Change to work processes
      - Change to layout and structure of workplace
      - Change to the number and type of people present
      - A near miss or fire occurs
      - Poor fire drill evacuation
      - Improvement notice
  - - - Accumulation of flammable waste & building materials
      - Obstruction or loss of exits and exit routes i.e. change of emergency lighting must follow
      - Fire doors propped open or removed
      - Openings created in fire-resisting structures
      - Isolation of fire detection or fixed lighting systems
      - Introduction of additional electrical equipment or other sources of ignition
      - Use of hot work processes
      - Introduction of flammable products e.g. adhesives or flammable gases
      - Certain works only to be carried out when the building is not at full capacity to reduce risk
      - How contractor manages their waste
      - Is residual risk manageable
- - - - General principles
        
        Ventilation
        
        Ignition
        
        Containment
        
        Exchange
        
        Separation
      - Storage of flammable liquids in workrooms
        
        Store minimum volumes only
        
        Storage of containers in purpose built flammable cabinet with lockable doors and drip tray
        
        Good levels of ventilation
        
        Ignition source not in vicinity of workroom
        
        Flammable warning signs
        
        Workrooms should not contain any other material
        
        Workroom constructed to a 30 minute fire-resistance standard
      - Storage of flammable liquids in outside location
        
        Storage area away from potential ignition sources
        
        Storage area on impervious concrete with sumps for spills
        
        Bonded kerbs to prevent liquid spread
        
        Located away from other buildings
        
        Secure fence and gate (2 metres)
        
        Flammable warning signs
        
        Protection from sunlight
        
        Flame-proof lighting
        
        Fire extinguishers located nearby
        
        Full & empty containers stored separately
        
        Storage area free of general waste
- - - - Eliminate if possible
      - If not possible to eliminate, reduce quantity
      - Substitute with less dangerous alternative
    - - Storage area locked to prevent unauthorised access
      - Warning signs displayed
      - Flammable liquids & gases kept in suitable containers & labelled
      - Storage area kept well-ventilated
      - Lids kept on containers at all times (self-closing lids preferred)
      - Fire-fighting measures in place near the storage area
    - - Hot work (welding)
        
        Only use competent, trained welders
        
        Regulators should be of a recognised standard
        
        Colour code hoses (blue for oxygen, red for acetylene, orange for propane)
        
        Non-return valves on blowpipe / touch
        
        Flashback arrestors incorporating cut off valves
        
        User of crimped hose connections not jubilee clips
        
        Check equipment visually before use
        
        Ensure work area is well-ventilated
        
        Secure cylinders in an upright position, never drag cylinders
        
        Keep hose lengths to a minimum
        
        Permit-to-work system
        
        Fire-watch - depending on temperatures raised determines cool down period
      - Smoking
        
        Outside in designated area away from fuels
        
        No smoking at least 30 mins before work stops
      - Arson
        
        Secure access points
        
        Security guards
        
        Lighting (deterrent)
        
        CCTV (deterrent)
        
        Siting of waste skips away from building - on impermeable surface
        
        Accumulation of waste to a minimum
        
        Good perimeter fencing / barriers
        
        Removal to store of any combustible material and keep locked shut
      - Other controls for sources of ignition
        
        Mechanical heat (friction) - ensure lubrication of machine parts
        
        Electricity - inspection, testing (Pac) and maintenance
        
        Cooking and heating appliances - not left unattended; inspection, testing and maintenance
  - - - Resistant to fire because of exposure to high temperatures in kiln
      - Resistance of between 30 minutes and 2 hours
    - - Severely affected by high temperatures; steel may twist and warp
      - Twist and warp can lead to building collapse
    - - Performs well in fires when of sufficient size
      - Outside becomes charred which slows combustion process
    - - Performs poorly unless fire-resistant
      - At high temperatures glass will melt and sag
    - - Highly resistant to fire
      - Heat will make concrete spall (small sections break away)
    - - Use of fire-resisting materials
      - Division of workplace into discrete fire resistant zones (compartmentation)
      - Stairwell compartmentation
      - Fire-resistant doors (smoke & intumescent seals)
      - Fire-resistant windows
      - Seal voids e.g fire curtains
      - Fire dampers in duct work
      - Fixed sprinkler systems in buildings
      - Use of venting systems to allow smoke and toxic fumes to escape
      - Prevention of the spread of fire and smoke - protection of openings and voids
        
        Openings and voids include lift shafts, service ducts, voids between floors, roof voids
        
        Controls include:
        
        Fire shutters
        
        Cavity barriers
        
        Fire curtain
        
        Sealing holes in walls
- - - - Zone 0 - Flammable atmosphere highly likely to be present; may be present for long periods or even continuously
      - Zone 1 - Flammable atmosphere possible but unlikely to be present for long periods
      - Zone 2 - Flammable atmosphere unlikely to be present except for short periods of time; typically as a result of a process fault condition
    - - Zone 20 - Dust cloud likely to be present continuously or for long periods
      - Zone 21 - Dust cloud likely to be present occasionally in normal operation
      - Zone 22 - Dust cloud unlikely to occur in normal operations but, if it does, will only exist for a short period
- - - - Naked flames
      - Fixed or portable heaters
      - Hot processes (e.g. welding)
      - Cooking
      - Electrical equipment
      - Machinery
      - Static electricity
      - Lighting
      - Discarded cigarettes or matches
    - - Flammable liquids (e.g. petrol)
      - Flammable gases (e.g. Hydrogen)
      - Flammable chemicals (e.g. solvents)
      - Wood
      - Plastics, rubber and foam (e.g. furniture)
      - Paper and card (e.g. waste paper)
      - Insulating materials (e.g. wall and partition components)
    - - Ambient air (most common source for fire)
      - In buildings, forced air ventilation
      - Leaks from oxygen cylinders
      - Oxidising materials (agents e.g. Hydrogen peroxide and Halogens)
        
        Usual source of oxygen is ambient air
        
        However, some materials known as oxidising agents can supply combustible materials with a source of oxygen which does not come from air
        
        Oxidising agents speed up development of a fire and make combustion more intense
        
        Very dangerous in oxygen deficient atmosphere, for example confined space entry