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HIV (Virology (Cells infected (CD4+ T cell
-massive and early depletion in…
HIV
Virology
Cells infected
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those express CD4 and co-receptors (CCR5, CXCR4)
Monocytes and macrophages
-tissue macrophages in brain, lung, gut;
-bone marrow monocyte precursors
-lymphoid tissue macrophages
-chronic infection and serve as reseroir
Dendritic cells
-allow HIV entry, but productive infection rare
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HIV Genome
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-important regulatory proteins: tat, rev, vpr, rpu,vif, nef
HIV diversity: clade/strains varied around the world
-critical for future antibody/vaccine creation as have to be specific to each clade
-although most strain have same mechanism on infection thus treatments still same worldly
HIV Life cycle
Process
- gp120 on virion binds CD4 protein on host cells (e.g T cell)
- undergo conformational change, gp120-CD4 complex binds to chemokine co-receptor (CXCR4 or CCR5) on host cell
- fusion of virion and host cell, injecting virus RNA, undergo reverse transcription, get proviral DNA strands that integrated into host DNA.
- host cell transcribed viral DNA, translated viral RNA into proteins, undergo assembly, then budding off from host cell
- maturation then new HIV virion established
Key feature
-rapid life cycle, 10 billion particles produced per day
-error prone by reverse transcriptase, leading to rapid evolution of multiple quasispecies
(a group of viruses related by a similar mutation or mutations, competing within a highly mutagenic environment)
Impact on
host cells
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Monocytes/Macrophages:
long lived slow release of virions
contribute to long term neurological damage as macrophages in brain being affected
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Lentiviruses
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
-HIV is a complex retrovirus that belongs the Lentiviridae family (virus family that cause disease slowly)
-lots non-primate retroviruses
-lots primate retroviruses
-SIVsm(Sooty Mangabey) =HIV 2
-SIV cpz(Chimpanzee) =HIV 1
Epidemology
-37 million living with HIV, Africa most severe;
-HIV in every country but epidemics varied by location and population e.g. gay in AU, young women in Africa, drug people in EU
-AIDS related deaths are declining while new infection(prevalence/incidence) are stable, the global burden increase as people with HIV live longer and population gets larger
-research proved that as ART coverage increase, the AIDS related death decreases thus treatment as prevention
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treatment is prevention as less conc. of virus circulating
less transmitting rate; good for public health
-in Australia, male to male sex still counts for the biggest contribution to HIV infection;
-different risk factor b/w non-indigenous and indigenous where indigenous has higher drug-use lead infection providing clean needle access long established in AU
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