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Aspects of Biotechnology in Microbial Ecology :recycle: (Microorganism As…
Aspects of Biotechnology in Microbial Ecology
:recycle:
Microorganism as indicator of pollution
microorganism act as indicator of
sewage and waste water pollution
coliform group of bacteria that act as indicator
E . coli
more specific indicator of faecal pollution than other faecal coliforms
best bacterial indication of contamination in drinking water
Enterobacter aerogenes
Klebsiella pneumonia
can be test to detect water pollution
Microorganism may reduce pollution
uses of microbial community in natural environment
add microorganism to soils or plant for the improvement of crop production
to carry out
bioremediation
use of living organism to promote degradation of environmental pollution
biodegradation
breakdown of molecules by microbes
environmental maintenance process
example : biodegradation of oil spills
fungi, bacteria especially Pseudomonas degrade hydrocarbons in oil
oil floats to surface-> hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria-> decomposition to CO2
limiting factor
:!!:
low nutrients-> low populations-> low biodegradation activity
how to improve
:star:bioremediation: nutrients sprayed to encourage microbial growth
:star:genetic engineering:
Pseudomonas
example : microorganism in landfills
heterotrophic miroorganism
it is a pollution site (non-biodegradable materials)
ways : separate the materials
microbes that reduce pollution
:explode:biodegradable
natural decomposition or breaking down of molecules by microorganism
process is rapid
they are not accumulate but are used up in short of time
need favorable condidtions
high temperature, light, water and oxygen
eg : humans and animals waste, plant products
:fire:non-biodegradable
(recalcitrate)
process is slow
they often accumulate
cannot be decomposed by microbes
eg : plastics, metal, cans, water bottle, computer hardware
Microorganisms as Pollutants
Foodborne/waterborne pathogens
Massive growth of nonpathogenic microorganism.
cause : Eutrophication
Microorganisms as a Cause of
Pollution
Due to physiological activities of microorganisms +
external sources (eutrophication)
E.g.: Mercury Pollution and Microorganisms
Various forms: elemental mercury,
inorganic salts of mercury, organic
compounds of mercury
Not recycled
Toxic: combines with sulHydryl
groups of proteins (inhibit
enzymes)
Methyl mercury
Totally absorbed by
gastrointestional tract,
lung, skin
Retained in the body
much longer than
elemental mercury
Bioremediation
Definition
The use of either naturally occuring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.
Function of microorganisms in it
use contaminant as a nutrient for reproduction
converts contaminant to less harmful form to be released into the environment
Cometabolism
Definition
Biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds that are not use a carbon and energy sources by microorganisms
Examples
Groundwater pollutant-TCE
The IUPAC name is trichloroethene. Industrial abbreviations include TCE, trichlor, Trike, Tricky and tri. It has been sold under a variety of trade names. Under the trade names Trimar and Trilene, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic and as an inhaled obstetrical analgesic in millions of patients
Nutrients(methane and oxygen) added
Advantages of plants VS Microorganisms in bioremediation
east to harvest or destroy
pyhtomining
Phytomining, bioleaching and scrap iron. Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. They concentrate these compounds as a result of this. The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds. This method of extraction is called phytomining
extensive root system
for greater surface area
higher ability for storage
Phytoremediation
Use of plants to stimulate the degradation,transformation or removal of compounds, either directly or in conjunction with microorganisms
Example
Cometabolism in the rhizosphere (plant root zone)
Advantages of plants vs microorgnisms in bioremediation
Extensive root systems
Greater surface area
Higher ability for storage
Easy to harvest / destroy
Type of phtoremediation
Phytoextraction
Pollutant-accumulating plants to remove metals or organics from soil by concentrating them in the harvestable plant parts
Phytodegradation
Plants and associated microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants
Rhizofiltration
Plants roots to absorb and filter pollutants, mainly metals, from water and aqueous streams
Phytostabilization
Use plants to reduce the bioavailability of pollutants in the environment
PhytovolatilizatIon
Use plants to volatilize pollutants
Microbial degradation in landfills
type of digestion
anaerobic biodigestion
how the microbe act??
microbe breaksdown the organic matter and reduce its bulk or mass
the process :
1)hydrolysis
definition
is the chemical reaction of compound with water
fementative bacteria break down organic insoluble compound
turn into :arrow_forward: soluble molecules :
2)Acidogenes
acid forming bacteria convert the soluble molecules from hydrolysis
to form
:
:arrow_right: volatile fatty acid
:arrow_right: hydogen
:arrow_right: carbon hydroxide
function convertion
:check: to make them available for others bacteria
3) Acetogenesis
volatile fatty acid is convert into:
: :star: hydrogen
:star:carbon dioxide
:star: acetic acid
4)methanogenesis(final step)
methanogenic bacteria will convert acetates into:
: :check:methane
:check: carbon dioxide
modern landfill
how it works??
Link Title
Microorganism As Biocontrol Agent
Rhizobium etli
- provide resistance againts root-knot nematod in tomato plants
Caudovirales
- bacteriophages that destroy colonies
Salmonella
in contaminated water
Bacillus thuringiensis
- used in Bt insecticides which only attack specific larval stages of insects
Pseudomonas fluorescens
- produce antibiotic, colonizing plant root systems & protect them from parasites
