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Psychoanalysis (general view) (DENIFINITION (Psychoanalysis regards…
Psychoanalysis (general view)
DENIFINITION
Systematic investigation
of the "mysterious processes", the "blur regions" inside us.
Archeological method: excavate the unconscious gently layer by layer.
Psychoanalysis regards
Method of investigation
Interpretative method which seeks for meanings concealed in whats is manifested by the patient.
Professional practice
The treatment - analysis - which seeks for self-knowledge and is due to the investigation
Theory
Systematized knowledge of the psychic (subjective) life
HISTORY
Hypnotic suggestion
: an induction to change the state of consciousness of the patient. In this state, the analyst investigates the
connections
between conducts and facts which may have originated the symptom. The analyst tries to dig into the repressed memories that cause the symptom.
Hypnosis was a method used by the French psychiatrist
Jean Martin Charcot
who Freud studied with. He used this method to treat hysteria.
Concentration
: a method that Freud used to help patients to make a
systematic recollection of memories
in a
normal conversation
.
FIRST THEORY OF THE PSYCHIC APPARATUS
THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
THE SECOND THEORY OF THE PSYCHIC APPARATUS:
In later writings, Freud revised this simple conscious-unconscious distinction and proposed the
id, ego, and superego
as systems of personality:
BALANCE AND RESULTANT OF ID, REALITY AND SUPEREGO
Superego
(Supereu)
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Ego
(Eu)
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Id.
(Isso)
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EGO'S DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Definition
: Behaviors that represent unconscious denials or distortions of reality but which are adopted to protect the ego against anxiety
DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE EGO:
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Anxiety induces tension, which motivates the individual to take some action to reduce it.
Psychic funcitoning - points of view:
Economic:
there is an
energy
that feeds any psychic processes
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Dynamic:
There are
motivating forces of personality that goes on conflicts
between themselves and are permanently active, whose origins is the pulse.
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Topic:
there are
several different
systems in the psychic apparatus
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Arises just right after birth
Development of
basic functions
Attainment of pleasure
Pleasure principle (by Id)
Reproduction
Libido
: the energy of sexual instincts.
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PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Five phases
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Psychosexual stages
: In psychoanalytic theory, the developmental stages of childhood centering on
erogenous zones.
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The early years of life
Conflicts of sexual character yields
Repressed wishes
Expressed by the
actual symptoms
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Marks
(like scarfs) in the person's
psychic arrangement
Freud elucidated
three psychic instances
:
Consciousness
In this apparatus, three mind activities stand out:
Perception
Reasoning (thinking)
Attention
The
psychic apparatus
that receives information from the external and internal world.
On the psychoanalytical process, the individual brings up the repressed contents from the unconsciousness and become able to act upon in.
That is why it is so important for the patient to listen to himself during the analysis.
The conscious portion, like the visible part of an iceberg, is small and insignificant. It presents only a superficial glimpse of the total personality.
Unconsciousness
Where everything that is not conscious and is
not present
in the consciousness nor pre-consciousness.
It has its own laws of working
For example, the unconsciousness is atemporal.
Repressed contents
For example, traumas "real" and "symbolic"
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They are perceived in the Free Association
The vast and powerful unconscious—like the portion of the iceberg that exists beneath the water’s surface — contains the instincts, those driving forces for all human behavior.
Pre-consciousness
Where
accessible contents to consciousness
exist. They may not be there at the moment but can be. (The pre-consciousness comprises memories that sometimes we remember and other we don't).
The individual can
remeber
those contents if he wishes it.
Freud left the habit of making systematic questions and let the patients
talk freely
whatever comes to the mind. He observed that some patients
resisted
to bring up to consciousness some images or ideas by
repression
(a psychic process that intends to make
disappear
unbearable and painful ideas that originated the symptom). All theses ideas are in the
unconsciousness realm.
Freud then named concentration as
psychoanalysis
Transference
When you transfer an ensemble of emotional contents and energies (from the past) to the psychoanalyst and you start feeling them alive in the present. Because of this process, you become able to investigate and listen to yourself - you become able to analysed by yourself.
Dring your analysis, you
repeat
the topics of discussion and
resist
to tell others.
Resistance
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Repetition
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Free association
The patient lies on a couch and is encouraged to
talk openly and spontaneously,
giving complete
expression to every idea
, no matter how embarrassing, unimportant, or foolish it may seem. Freud’s goal in his system of psychoanalysis was to
bring into conscious awareness repressed memories or thoughts,
which were assumed to be the
source of the patient’s abnormal behavior.
With these talks, Freud accessed the
unconsciousness
of the patients.
Freud believed that there was nothing random about the material that invaded the patient’s mind, to be revealed during the free-association sessions. The experiences thus recounted
were predetermined
and could not be censored by the patient’s conscious choice. The nature of the patient’s conflict
forced this material to intrude on the patient’s consciousness
so that it had to be expressed to the therapist
Through the free-association technique, Freud found that his patients’ memories
reached back to childhood
and that many of the repressed experiences they recalled
concerned sexual issues.
These sexual factors were the potencial causes of sexual distress and neurotic illness.
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Freudian slip
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DREAM ANALYSIS
Charcot proposed that the psychological trauma associated with hysteria was
revealed in the patient’s dreams.
Janet said the
causes of hysteria were contained in dreams
, and he used dream analysis as a therapeutic tool. And Krafft-Ebing argued that
unconscious sexual wishes could be found in dreams
(Sand, 1992).
Freud had learned that a patient’s dreams could be a rich source of significant emotional material and could contain clues to the underlying causes of a disturbance.
Because of his positivist belief that everything had a cause, he assumed that dream events
could not be completely without meaning.
They most likely
result from something in the patient’s unconscious mind.
Much of his psychoanalytic system was formulated from analyzing Freud's own neurotic episodes and childhood experiences
Freud believed that dreams represented the disguised
satisfaction of repressed desires
. The essence of a dream is the
fulfillment of one’s wishes.
The dream’s true significance lies in the latent content, the dream’s hidden or symbolic meaning.
The forbidden desires (the latent dream content) in are expressed in a symbolic form.
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Definition:
A psychotherapeutic technique involving interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts.
It then has been called
CATHARTIC METHOD
by Freud and Breuer.
DEFINITION: A method which consists in bring up supressed memories to consciousness, and thus release the emotions or feelings that were repressed.
It concerns to Aristotle's concept of catharsis, that is a watof treting emotional difficulties by having patieng recall and describe unsconscious conflicts.
From the cathartic method, Freud developed the
Free Association
By the
narration
of ideas, memories and feelings, the patient
releases
the emotive reactions associated to the traumatic event.
Hysteria
was a "pest" in the nineteenth century. Many people, specially women, were affect by this mental illness. It is important to remeber that there were a great repression of sexuality in that century, mainly with women.
References:
SCHULTZ, Duane P.; SCHULTZ, Sydney Ellen. A History of Modern Psychology. ed. Belmont.. Thomson Learning, 2008. pp. 446-489
BOCK, A. M. B.; FURTADO, O.; TEIXEIRA, M. L. T.(Orgs.). Psicologias.. uma introdução ao estudo de Psicologia. São Paulo.. Saraiva, 2009. pp. 46-57