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Hitler's Domestic Policies 1933-1939 (Social Policies (Youth…

- - - - Subsidies for hiring workers in the private sector, even domestic servants
      - Growth of jobs in the government bureaucracy
      - Tax concessions and special grants (eg: for newlyweds)
    - - Deficit financing: when the government spends more money than it receives in order to expand the economy (expansion should increase the government's tax revenues to restore its finances)
      - Pioneered the use of Mefo bills (credit note issued by the Reichsbank, guaranteed by the government) to finance increased public expenditure without causing inflation
      - Suspended debt repayments
  - - - 1936: Four-Year-Plan
        
        Increasing nazi control over several sectors of the economy
        
        1933: 40% of German production was under monopoly control, by 1937: over 70% of German production under monopoly control
        
        Prepare for war: rearmament
        
        "guns or butter"
        
        Marxist historian Mason: "the need to try to supply both hindered the rearmament programme and made Germany less prepared for war."
        
        Autarky
        
        Make Germany self-sufficient in all important raw materials
        
        Increasing Germany's production in key commodities: iron and food
        
        Developing ersatz (substitute) products: Buna (artificial rubber) to replace rubber imports, and using coal to produce oil
        
        Outlined the need to control all imports and exports
        
        Increase agricultural production
  - - - Major economic mobilisation for war
      - Economically exploited the countries they conquered
    - - Todt and Speer: establishment of a central planning board, supported by a series of committees representing every branch of the manufacturers involved
        
        Responsible for a great increase in war production
        
        Overy: "it can more properly be seen as evidence of the remarkable achievements of Speer, despite serious bombing damage
- - - - Girls were shown how to become good mothers and how to look after a home.
        
        Government propaganda urged women to have more children as a vital way of strengthening the Nazi Volksgemeinschaft
    - - Learnt to idolise Hitler and support his policies
        
        Hoped that the influence of such an array of institutions would predominate over the traditional, and possibly hostile, influences of parents and the Church
        
        After youngsters left education and youth movements. They would have to join other Nazi organisations such as RAD and DAF.
    - - school curriculum
        
        'race science' taught in biology, perpetuating racist ideas
        
        nationalism, militarism, gender roles, and greatness of Hitler and Nazis taught in German and History
      - teachers
        
        teachers that were 'racially unsuitable' or disgreed politically were fired
        
        some teachers sent on 'reconditioning' courses
      - universities
        
        Universities 'Nazified'
        
        over 3000 lecturers and professors fired for political and racial reasons
      - Local plebiscites were held were held, which do to government pressure led to parents voting to end religious schools. By 1939, all religious schools had been abolished
  - - - Gave ordinary citizens free holidays and fun
  - - - Groups
        
        Roma and Sinti ethnic groups
        
        gay and lesbian men and women
        
        the homeless
        
        People with hereditary physical disabilities or mental problems
        
        300,00 forcibly sterilized under the under the 1933 Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Disease
        
        Jews
        
        April 1933 Hitler announced an official boycott of Jewish shops and Professional services
        
        immediately followed by the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, removing Jews from all government posts
        
        officially classified as 'non-Aryans'
        
        Nuremberg Laws of 1935
        
        The Reich Citizenship Act deprived German Jews of all civil rights
        
        sexual relations and marriage between Jews and other German Citizens
        
        measures taken to 'Aryanise' German professions and business - removing Jewish people
        
        Propaganda depicting Jewish people as 'polluters of the Aryan Race' increased.
        
        humiliated in front of of their classmates in school
        
        1938 over 15,000 Polish Jews expelled from Germany
        
        July 1938 Jewish people banned from all commerce
        
        'Kristallnacht' (night of the broken glass)
        
        Thousands of homes, shops and Synagogues destroyed
        
        100 Jews killed
        
        25,000 Jews sent to concentration camps
        
        later that month all Jewish pupils expelled from state education
        
        all Jewish valuables confiscated in April 1939
      - later became victims of concentration camps
  - - - 'Kinder, Kuche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church)
      - Hitler believed in separate spheres for men and women. women were expected to work and fight for the family.
    - - implemented policies to drive women out of the workplace. Women who were well qualified never regained their position and status they had enjoyed under the Wiemar republic.
      - In June 1933 interest free loans offered to young women who gave up employment to get married
      - Employers and labour exchanges told to favour men over women. the % of women un paid employment dropped between 1932-1937 from 37% to 31%. The actual numbers increased from about 5 million to 6 million. From 1937-1939 both % and numbers increased 6 million to 7 million. This was due to labour shortages
    - - laws against abortion enforced
      - Birth control clinics closed and Laws against abortion were enforced.
      - maternity benefits and family allowances increased
        
        June 1933 Interest free loans were given to all young women who gave unemployment to get married.
        
        Newlyweds were offered loans and with each child the couple would have repay a lower % of the loan
      - gave 'honour cross of the German mothers' to women with large families
      - 'Fountain of Life' Policy (Lebensborn) - Aryan women given as prostitutes for SS officers, State run
        
        11,000 born from this programme
        
        During the Second World War the quest for a larger population of genetically pure Germans led to the encouragment of the creation of this programme
  - - - 1933 Reich church set up by Ludwig Muller
      - Muller was given the task of coordinating Protestant churches under his authority.
    - - Signed a concordat with the Nazis in July 1933
      - Pope recognized Nazi regime and promised not to interfere (only to dissolve the Central Party)
      - 1933-1939 Propoganda encouraged anti-Catholic feeling
      - In 1937 Pope Pius XI attacked Nazi beliefs, his successor failed to condemn Nazism
- - - - The Furher system
        meant that there was
        no need for a formal
        power system; Hitler's
        word was law
        
        The Historian Edward Peterson: "This view of Hitler--the man who does not decide--would help explain the eternal confusion of the men working for him, a literal anthill of aspiring and fearing people trying to please the 'Great One'...The result was the division of domination into thousands of little empires of ambitious men, domains that were largely unchecked by law..."
        
        There are three parties of thought about how this Dictator dictated:
        
        The Traditional interpretation: Hitler as a strong leader, who makes all the major decisions
        
        Revisionist interpretation: Hitler as a weak dictator, who has little involvement in most government directives, allows others to decide and is unwilling to take decisions
        
        Current consensus: a more complex picture, as put forward by Kershaw, Hitler is the key activator, policy reflects Hitler's overall vision, there was no effective opposition to his will, he is the mobilizer, legitimator of policies, but does not specifically initiate many policies
        
        Kershaw argued that elements of all the view are correct; that Hitler was often uninvolved in decisions, but that this illustrates his great power. To maintain his image as the infallible leader, he could not be involved in factional struggles, but just let the strongest official win. All his subordinates worked along the lines the Furher would wish; nothing would have been done without these central ideas. So Hitler was crucial, but he did not need to send out a stream of directives. Whenever he did intervene, his view was unchallenged. For most of the time, his subordinates competed with each other to 'work towards the Furher'
        
        Through 'working towards the Furher', initiatives were taken, pressures created, legislation instigated--all in ways which fell into line with what were taken to Hitler's aims, and without the dictator necessarily having to dictate --Kershaw
        
        It is also argued that, far from being the basis for what was proclaimed as a Thousand Year Reich, the Nazi regime could not have become stabilized; it was inherently self-destructive. The chaotic structure and competition between groups and between individuals led to a war of all against all. Hitler was surrounded by officials, all seeking to win his favor by advocating the most radical option to fulfill his ideological goals. The lack of any institutional restrictions meant the regime experienced a process that had been called cumulative radicalization, that is the adoption of increasingly extreme policies. In this view, if it had not been brought down from without, the Third Reich might well have imploded from the effects of this radicalization.
        
        After August 1954, after Hitler took over the presidency on the death of Hindenburg, there were no formal retrains of his power. However, he kept most of the existing structures of the Weimar Republic
        
        The Reichstag granted legislative power to Hitler with the aid of the Enabling Act which was extended every four years due to virtual plebiscites. The Reichstag rarely met and when it did it was only used to gain popularity for the leader's speeches.
        
        Although given legislative power by the Reichstag, the cabinet began to loose its purpose as Hitler did not believe in an orderly government and issued laws individually, which were drawn up by the Reich Chancellery.
        
        The Reich Chancellery was responsible for coordinating the responses of departments to new legislation. New sections, both party and state, were created and dealt with the increase of paperwork such as letters written to Hitler, and issued government decrees. Its head, Lammers, had major impact on the flow of information to and from Hitler, and thus on policies.
        
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