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Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood (The Self (Self…
Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
The Self
Self-understanding
describe oneself with psychological characteristics
references to social groups (e.g. gender) and social comparison
Understanding others
perspective taking
- assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings
Self-esteem
- self-worth or self-image
Self-concept
- domain-specific evaluations of self (e.g. academic, athletic, appearance etc)
Increasing children's self esteem:
identify the cause of low self-esteem
provide emotional support and social approval
help children achieve
help children cope
Erikson's industry vs. inferiority
when children are encouraged in their efforts to make, build, and work their sense of industry increases
-parents who see their children's efforts as "mischief" or "making a mess" tend to foster inferiority
Emotional Development
improved emotional understanding
increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions
ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
use of self-initiated strategies for redirected feelings
capacity for genuine empathy
Moral Development
Kohlberg's 6 stages (3 Levels)
Domain Theory:
Moral, Social Conventional and Personal Reasonin
g
Families
Developmental changes in Parent-Child Relationship
parents spend less time with children as they grow older but continue to be extremely important
children's participation and performance in academics and extracurricular activities is largely dependent on parents
receive less physical punishment
control and autonomy 'transferred' gradually
Parents as Managers
mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting (e.g. ensuring complete homework, taking opportunities, learning chores etc)
Attachment
children spend more time with peers than parents
Stepfamilies
3 common types are:
Stepfather
mother has custody of children and remarries
Stepmother
father has custody of children and remarries
Blended/Complex
both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily
Peers
Peer Status:
Popular child
: frequently nominated as a
best friend
and are rarely disliked by people
Controversial child
: frequently nominated
both
as
someone’s best friend and as being disliked
Rejected child
: infrequently nominated as
someone’s best friend and are
actively disliked
by their
peers
Neglected child
:
infrequently nominated
as a best
friend but are not disliked by peers
Average child
: receive an average number of both
positive and negative nominations from their peers
Bullying
boys and younger middle school children are more likely to be bullied
anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children tend to be victims
results in physical and mental health problems
Friends
companionship
stimulation
physical support
ego support
social comparison
affection and intimacy
Schools
Approaches to Student Learning:
constructivist approach
- learner-centered approach that emphasizes importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
direct instruction approach
- teacher-centered approach approach characterized by teacher direction and control