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PL3234 Developmental Psychology Week 5 (THEMES (NATURE vs. NURTURE…
PL3234
Developmental Psychology
Week 5
What's the
DIFFERENCE
between sensation and perception?
Sensation
Passive
Receiving
Through senses
Vision
poorest at birth
nothing in womb to see
therefore visual connections in brain not formed yet
legally blind at birth
20 / 600
least mature of all senses at birth
newborns can
detect
brightness
detect
movement
recognise moving forms best after 9 months
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track
an object
but eyes not always in sync
How?
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Visual
acuity
varies at 1 month
reaches normal adult range by 1 year old
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habituation paradigm
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lack
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improves as
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newborn
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6 months
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defined as
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colour vision
matures at 3 months
discriminate colours
limited initially
accommodation
3 to 12 months old
reflex action of eye
ability of eye to change its focus from near objects to distant (and vice versa)
requires coordinated changes
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Infants
pattern
detecting ability
use
scanning
are attracted to
patterns
moderate complexity
contours
human faces
symmetry
movement
peripheral
>
central
vision
Depth Perception
Kinetic Depth Cues
Binocular Depth Cues
Touch
Newborns respond to touch
Soothing
Move towards
Sensitivity
Temperature
Pain
Move away from
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SMELL
Newborns
distinguish different odours
Infants
keen sense of smell
respond
positively
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negatively
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TASTE
see through facial expressions
due to
inhalation of amniotic fluid
can distinguish between
sweet
bitter
sour
HEARING
fairly well-developed at birth
can discriminate sounds that differ in
loudness
duration
direction
pitch
why?
fetus can hear in utero at 7 to 8 months
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How do we tell?
Sudden sounds startle babies
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rhythmic sounds soothe babies
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infants turn their heads towards sources of sounds
prefer human voices to other sounds
can distinguish
voices
mother
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language
rhythm
When information
contacts
sensory receptors
Perception
Active
Interpretation
Interpretation
of sensation
develops alongside cognition
demands active processing
higher order ability
HOW
to
study
infant sensation / perception?
Limitations
Inference
: We don't actually know what actual features the infant is responding to when making these discriminations to voice/sound, taste, touch and smell.
Are we talking about perception or cognition?
Our position on nativist/empiricist influence the way in which we view infant's perception
Rely on behaviour
draw inference
Not cognition!
Techniques
Preference
Habituation
Evoked Potentials
High-Amplitude Sucking
What's the difference between these actions?
Reflex
Grasping
The palmar grasp reflex appears at birth and persists until five or six months of age.
When an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp.
Moro
It involves three distinct components: spreading out the arms (abduction), unspreading the arms (adduction) and crying (usually)
flail arms and legs when falling
Infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 3 or 4 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling
up to 3 or 4 months
startle reflex
Stepping
When the soles of their feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to walk by placing one foot in front of the other
even though they cannot walk / support their own weight yet
Placing
Rooting
ensure sucesssful breastfeeding
Newborns turn their face toward the stimulus and make sucking (rooting) motions with the mouth when the cheek or lip is touched
Present at birth (age of appearance 28weeks) and disappears around four months of age, as it gradually comes under voluntary control.
Babinski
An abnormal plantar reflex occurs when upper motor neuron control over the flexion reflex circuit is interrupted
This results in a dorsiflexion of the foot (foot angles towards the shin, big toe curls up)
Stimulus-response
Intentional
smiling
imitation
How do the different senses develop?
THEMES
CONTINUOUS vs. DISCONTINUOUS
ACTIVE vs PASSIVE
NATURE vs. NURTURE
false dichotomy
SENSING vs PERCEIVING
WHY STUDY INFANTS?
Basic curiousity
Identify developmental norms
Intellectual debates
Nativist
precocious infant
equipped with sophisticated structures
in-built
Starting state nativist
compromise
some tendencies are in-built
so as to enable rapid learning
Empiricist
naive infant
infant not equipped with much at all in the way of structure
knowledge is built from the ground-up
Understand ourselves (Piaget)
WHY STUDY PERCEPTION?
Differs from sensation
Nature or Nurture
Perception as basis
helps to detect aytpicalities
NEONATAL IMITATION
WHY STUDY THIS?
Signify emergence of representation
Internal cognitive symbol - a basis for understanding reality
Is imitation a reflex?
TAKE HOME MESSAGES
Starting state nativism
infants come into the world with a particular 'readiness' that allows them to extract information from their environment readily
PERCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING may not imply COGNITIVE UNDERSTANDING
METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS
looking is not talking or doing
we cannot be sure what it reflects