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DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY (Food absorption (Minerals by simple…

- - - - Hormone leptin
        
        Stimulate the release of neuropeptides
        
        Neuropeptides have 3 function: Reduce food intake , Increase thermogenesis , physical activity
        
        Secretes by adipose tissue
      - Hyperphagia (inc appetite for food intake)
  - - - Centre at brain (hypothalamus)
      - Sensors (stomach, hepatic blood vessels, liver and brain)
- - - - Spend a lot of time eating ,food is move rapidly through stomach and intestines but slowly at large intestines , soluble material digested at stomach and intestines but insoluble digested at large intestines
      - Involved: Mono-gastric stomach -> Small intestines -> Caecum -> Colon
    - - Spend a lot time of eating and ruminating (about 16 hours) , food are fermented by microorganism , example : cow
      - Involved : Rumen -> Reticulum -> Omasum -> Abomasum -> Small intestine -> Caecum -> Colon
      - Saliva neutralize acid produce by microbial digestion (rumen)
      - End product of microbial digestion : VFA, FFA, Ammonia, CO2 VFA later convert via gluconeogenesis in liver
      - Abomasum is true stomach where digestion take place
      - Advantages : Ruminat able to extract energy from fibrous part of diet such cellulose, Able to uses NPN by producing urea but the good sources of protein is wasted, Obtain vitamin B supplement through microorganism
- - - - Involved : Esophagus -> Stomach -> Spleen and Gall bladder -> Gizzard -> Pyloric caeca -> Intestine -> Spiral Valve -> Anus
    - - Involved : Esophagus -> Crop -> Stomach ->Intestine -> Rectum
    - - Bit of stones (grits) help in the grinding. Long intestine in which digestion and absorption take place.
      - Involved Pharynx -> Esophagus ->Crop -> Grizzard -> Intestines -> Anus
    - - Involved : Esophagus -> Stomach -> Liver,, Gall bladder and Pancreas -> Small Intestine -> Large intestine -> Spleen -> Bladder -> Cloaca
    - - Midgut
        
        Intestines: Main site of digestion and absorption
        
        Stomach: Digestion takes place in some animals (ruminants) absorption and storage function.
      - Hindgut
        
        Large intestines : Site for re absorption of water and ion plusmicrobial digestion (ex: horse and rabbit)
        
        Rectum : formation and storage of faeces
      - Foregut
        
        Mouth : Contain structure such as tongue to obtain food and teeth for chewing and gland (saliva) to lubricate food so that it can be move easily to the stomach
        
        Esophagus: Passageway to transport food from mouth to stomach
    - - Involved : Esophagus -> Crop -> Proventriculus -> Gizzard -> Liver and Pancreas -> Intestine -> Paired caeca -> Cloaca