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Protesting While Black? (Post-1960s Research Focus (Types and level of…
Protesting While Black?
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3 literatures used to understand how race is relevant to protest policing:
1) Systemic Racism Theory
2) Racial Threat
3) Ethnic Competition Theory
Historical use of verbal harassment, torture, lynching to deal with African American resistance
Systemic Racism Theory = the CJ system, which is controlled by whites, has frequently been used to control claims-making efforts by African Americans
Racial Threat & Ethnic Competition Theory are used to examine how the size of the African American population affects various facets of the CJ system
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THE STUDY
Unit of Analysis
Protest Event = any type of activity that involves more than one person and is carried out with the explicit purpose of articulating a grievance against (or expressing support for) a target
Focused on events that used tactics that might draw police presence of lead to police action once they arrived
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3 criteria for an event to be included in the data set:
1) Must be more than one participant at the event
2) Participants must articulate a claim, either grievance or support
3) Must have happened in public or been open to the public
Data Collection
2 stages of collection:
Researchers read every page of all daily issues of the NYT, searching for any mention of protest events, finding embedded events in articles on other topics
Content coding each event based on the claim at the event, size and location, participating groups, targets of the event, organizational presence, tactical forms employed, and police presence and action taken
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Selection bias = not all events will be covered by a given newspaper and the possibility that what is covered is likely not a random sample of all events that took place
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Independent Variables
Size of a protest event measured by the number of participants; increases the probability of police presence and action
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Protesters using confrontational tactics (attacks, riots, mob violence)
Protesters using less confrontational tactics (civil disobedience, demonstrations, and rallies)
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Results
A greater proportion of African American protest events were met with police presence than were white events
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At African American events, police are more likely to use force and violence than they are to do nothing
From 1960 to 1962, events with African American protesters were significantly more likely to be met with arrests
From 1963 to 1981, African American and white protesters were equally likely to be arrested at protest events that police attended
From 1982 to 1989, arrests were more likely at events without African American protesters
From 1960 to 1970, African American protesters were more likely to be arrested and subjected to force / violence