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TRP 133 WEEK 21 (a) The State and The Industrial Revolution (Manchester…
TRP 133 WEEK 21 (a)
The State and The Industrial Revolution
Different Interpretations of The State
Hill 1997
: provides a straightforward introduction to the nature of the issues
Traditional Marxist
perspectives: treat the state as a device acting in the common interests of the capitalist class
Stoker 1995
: Perspective in the area of regulation theory emphasize the role of the state in stabilizing the economy and maintaining social order.
Pluralist theorists
: the state is seen as refereeing the varying interests of competing groups (a perspective which is often helpful in looking at the development control process)
Followers of Max Webe
r: the state is the embodiment of reason
Whichever interpretation, the State must be able to engage with:
economic interests
must
maintain order
must articulate and
respond to public concern
provide means of
identifying common concerns
(some element of democracy)
-
ameliorate identified problems
which typically involves regulating market activity
provide goods and services
outside the market
(such as healthcare etc)
The State's Changing Role
1780:
Prime concern was the
defence of the realm
Due to immense economic upheaval from the Napoleonic wars
Provision for the destitute through system of
poor relief implemented by parishes
-
Little public intervention
but some involvement
Local arrangements allowed for
provision and maintenance of
thoroughfares
limited provision and maintenance of
drainage
some building control and
smoke control
measures
Sutcliff 1892
The Constituents of The State 1780
A
Crown/monarch
working alongside Parliament
After 1688,
Parliament become the principal source of authority
Authority of various state institutions came from
Acts of Parliament
-
General Acts
conferring powers and creating duties (like 1601 Poor Law)
Or
private Acts
secured on the initiative of individuals (eg, the 8 measures secured by Birmingham residents between to improve the town’s streets.
The Constituents of The State / Local Government
-
Boroughs had corporations
with a ‘sort of’ democracy and remaining self-government (Nottingham and Leicester)
Rights to vote differed from one place to another
Elsewhere were
townships, lordships and manors
with no municipal organisation but with manorial courts
Birmingham, Manchester both rapidly growing towns not boroughs
System where arrangements of political presentation out of sync with the economy and society
-
Parishes responsible for the destitute
and levied a poor rate.
Represented the origin of local government in England
1880:
The state’s role expanded through:
Major interventions in public health (installation of sewers)
Limited intervention in housing
1980:
Major interventions in housing
State playing large part in managing the economy
State managing the use of land
The State and Social Change
1780-1850
Period of Industrial Revolution
Caused a
massive economical change
provoking
transformations within the state
Proto-industrialisation Thesis by Berg (1994)
The industrial revolution thought of as a
sudden transformation between two archetypal societies
:
Agrarian > Industrial
Rural > Urban
Feudal > Capitalist
Superstition > Reason
Traditional > Modern
In truth many of these changes took place over a far more protracted timescale.
Gradual Change in Economic Organisation
1400 - 1800
: gradual reduction of dependence on land allowed
increase in population
(despite crisis mortality)
Steady increasing population punctuated with bad harvests leading to deaths
States response through
Poor Law
, provision of foods when things were struggling
New Economic Organisation
Depended on the development of capitalism
Creating possibility to buy and sell land, labour and capital
Farmers were capitalists hiring agricultural workers
(Agcricultural capitalism)
Which created a
class of landless people
who couldn't afford to own land and had to find work to make a wage to survive
Also supported by the state through parish poor relief
Development of a
rural non-agricultural economy
- an alternative means of support
Domestic textile production
Leading to growth of pre-industrial towns
Rural industry geared to an international market
Pre-industrial Towns
Prior to 1700, towns accounted for less than 10% of the population:
included a merchant population
a dependent service population
a substantial surplus population (beggars, prostitutes etc)
Towns dependent on food from rural hinterland
In years of
poor harvest
and food shortage,
migrants from rural areas
adds to urban population
Increasing exposure to
urban diseases
leading to
high mortality
So before 1800,
death rates exceeded birth rates
in towns
Net growth
dependant on continuous rural to urban migration
Pulling people towards towns but also many deaths within these towns due to disease
Dramatic Transformation of Industrial Revolution
Depended upon
development of rural factories
in remote locations
eg Cromford, Cark, Styal harnessing new technologies
Mechanised spinning meant more production of goods
Dependant on
movement
of factory industry to the towns to
exploit urban labour pools
-
Higher incomes
broke the traditional balance of population and local subsistence allowing earlier marriage
Size of population dependant on how early you have children
A delay in marriage meant low population
Increase in
financial prosperity
meant
earlier marriages
and therefore an
increase in population
Manchester
Manchester Industrial Beginnings
A city growing from a
medieval core
without a specific Warehouse District or a obvious residential district
Development of
Cotton Spinning Factories
Two Cotton Mills in 1788 became 86 by 1817 (Kidd 1997)
Manchester Population
Expansion of the Population through migration from surrounding areas
Largely from Lancashire and Cheshire
also Ireland
Through births
Early marriage increased birth rate despite high death rates
Accommodation of the Population
Provided by:
Lodgings
Subdivision of buildings
Subdivision of Plots
Land Use Intensification
Development of
Bourgeois
Suburbs and
Working Class
Suburbs
Expansion of the physical urban area couldn't keep pace with the growing population =
Urban Intensification
Working class housing provided by speculative builders took form in
back to back double rows
and privy between 20 houses (because of the intensity of land use competition).
The working class must
bid for land
against the middle class for
residential development
at the fringe against the middle class pressing to
extend the warehouse district
Consequences of this Pattern of Development
2 Consequences:
death and discontent
Large increase in population with cyclical recessions
Subject to diseases: Typhus, Cholera, Flu, Diarrhoea
Influx of migrant workers (Irish feeling the potato famine)
Many populations living in cellars
This pattern of development resulted in death
(a death rate of 33 per 1000 in 1840's)
The absence of political representation of the working class
also led to discontent which found a voice in political movements such as Chartism