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Classical Genetics (Mendelian Genetics (Law of Segregation (During meiosis…
Classical Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
Cross-pollination: two breeding parents --> allowed offspring to self pollinated and observed next generation
Dominant allele masks other alleles, recessive allele makes a malfunctioning protein
Test cross: Breed the dominant phenotype - the unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive to determine identity of unknown allele
Law of Segregation
During meiosis, alleles separate --> metaphase I --> homologous chromosomes separate --> each allele for a trait is packaged into a separate gamete
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Pea plants
-different variations
-self-fertilize
-cross-pollinate easily
-reproduces quickly
-easy to grow and maintain
-lots of babies
-conspicuous traits
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Meiosis
Mitosis - produce cells with same information --> identical daughter cells
-exact copies
-same amount of DNA
-same number of chromosomes
-same genetic information
Asexual reproduction
-Single celled eukaryotes
--> yeast, fungi
Protists --> paramecium, amoeba
-Simple multicellular eukaryotes --> hydra
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Homologous chromosomes --> paired chromosomes, both control same inherited characteristics
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Crossing over
During prophase I, sister chromatids intertwine
-Homologous pairs swap pieces of chromosome
-DNA breaks and reattaches
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Sexual reproduction
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Oogenesis: eggs in ovaries halted before anaphase I, meiosis I completed before maturation, meiosis 2 completed after fertilization --> 1 egg and 2 polar bodies
Beyond Mendel
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Sex-linked traits
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Y chromosome: few other genes besides sex --> master regulator for maleness, turns on genes for production of male hormones --> pleiotropy
X-chromosome: other genes/traits beyond sex, mutations: hemophilia, muscular dystrophy and color blindness --> diseases are usually x-linked
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Extra nuclear genes: matrilineally --> mitochondria, patrineally --> Y chromosome
Genetic disorders
Down Syndrome --> Trisomy 21, 3 copies of chromosome 21, risk of down syndrome increases as mother's age increases
Amniocentesis - sample of embryo cells, analysis of karyotype
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Plants are tolerant to polyploid mutations, ploidy mutations involve extra sets of chromosomes
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