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211 Midterm Review (People (Frank Oliver (1881): "Now is the time for…
211 Midterm Review
People
Frank Oliver (1881): "Now is the time for the Govt to declare the reserve open and show whether this country is to be run in the interests of the settlers or the Indians"
Duncan Campbell Scott: in Dept of Indian Affairs eventually; referred to FNMI people as the "Indian problem" (generally just a really horrible dude)
St. Denis (cited in Gorski): "answer to racism is not anti-racism education but cross-cultural awareness or race relations training for primarily 'white' service providers" #
Captain R.H. Pratt: Founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1897 in USA; became template for all residential schools in US and Canada
Hector-Louis Langevin (1883): day schools insufficient to assimilate FNMI children; "...you must separate them from their parents during the time they are being taught [...] by separating them in the way proposed, they acquire the habit and tastes... of civilized people"
The Catholic Archbishop of St. Boniface & four other bishops petitioned govt to take children from their families as young as six (so they could be "saved" from the "degenerating influence of their home environment"
Father Lacombe: opposed both holidays and visits from parents because their "influence demoralize[s] the pupils"
Readings
Lawrence, Bonita:
Gender, Race, and the Regulation of
Native Identity in Canada and the
United States: An Overview (Place)
Social engineering: Indian Act used to control who would control settler societies #
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Children of European father/Native mother had to be white to inherit land so they stripped status from mothers & children
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Legislation
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1982 Constitution Act: existing treaty & aboriginal rights recognized & affirmed (incl. FNMI as aboriginal) & 1982 Charter of Rights & Freedoms
1985 Bill-C31: only 350,000 status Indians left in 1985; approx 100,000 regained status by 1995 (cited in Lawrence) #
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Concepts
Identity
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Mind/body connection
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"Mind doesn't dominate body, it becomes body" (Meditation as Medicine, Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D., & Cameron Stauth)
Self-observation & study
"We find our own ways to learn about ourselves - schools help or don't" - In Search of the Miraculous, P.D. Ouspensky
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Place
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Biopolitical power: expressed w/ displacement, removal, & dispersal of FNMI pops that allowed history to be reconstructed
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An ongoing process, not single event/day
Language & Culture
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In class meaning of Culture: People(s) w/ shared values and practices (ethos, principles, beliefs)
Marginalization occurs through identity markers (race, socioeconomic status, gender); these are not cultural markers.
"Inequity and injustice are not cultural problems; they cannot be resolved through cultural analyses and cultural solutions"
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Vernaculars: informal, spontaneous, outside of institutions, acquired in infancy and intimacy #
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