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Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890…
Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890
Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830
Roots of Revolution, to 1810
The enlightenment, the American revolution, and French revolution had spread across Latin America but did not encourage revolution for colonists within the Western Hemisphere.
Many people were angered by political and economic power of colonialists, paying high taxes, and imperial monopolies. Napoleon's rule led to a legitimacy crisis and fueled the struggle for Latin America to gain independence.
A new political body called the Junta Central was used in Spain. This allowed Spain to be run without a king. Because of this power it soon provoked a crisis within Spain.
Although most people agreed to the Junta system a minority disagreed, this led to frequent uprisings. People were able to rid Spanish officials in Venezuela, Mexico, and Alto Peru and they were able to create local Juntas. But the Spanish regained control which polarized public opinion but acknowledge the separation of American nationally.
Brazil, to 1831
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The thoughts of independence began to spread and tension between Brazil and Portugal began to deepen.
Pedro (John IV son) gave Brazil it's independence. Unlike all the other countries who had a constitutional republics, Brazil became a constitutional monarchy.
As Pedro began to invest in military control of Uruguay this angered people and many began to publicly protest against the emperor in order to have a democracy.
Spanish South America,1810-1825
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had led the military in order defeat Spanish authoriy but soon was executed by the supporters of the Spanish.
Buenos Aires played a key role within the revolutionary acts in Spanish South America.Aires was able to create junta to overthrow the viceroy in 1810.
Bolivar attempted to unify Venezuela, Columbia , Ecuador to form Gran Columbia but had failed.
The military revolt in Spain forced Ferdinand to reclaim the throne and limit the powers of the clergy and the monarchs .
Bolivar used harsh methods to use his political power against the Spaniards. He supported the emancipation to draw in slaves and frees to his side.
Revolution in Venezuela goal was to rid Spaniards in Latin America but still wanted slavery. Simon Bolivar was a military leader that help led the independent movement in Spanish South America.
The Problem of Order, 1825-1890
Constitutional Experiments 
The use of constitutions proved to be a trail error for the newly freed nations such as the United States and Latin America .
With the creation of a new constitution by the United States help with the development of British constitutional law. In the Spanish America constitutional governments were only briefly experienced.
Many nations in the Americas had the desire to have effective self governance.British forces in Canada tried to limit self governing
With the British controlling Ireland this led the Confederation of 1867.This created the Dominion of Canada.
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The transfer of political power towards the north: industrial expansion & federal support of railroad production.
Although the Confederate states of America was better financially than the Latin American nations they still failed. During the defeat of the southern session in the United states , the experience government was strong had a dramatic economic and population growth.
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Diversity and Dominance: Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828
Brazil was an important place for the Atlantic slave trade. By the 1820s Brazil tries to end it's ties with the slave trade.
Free blacks in Brazil had more rights and freedoms than a slave in Brazil such as being a solider, a priest, and salesperson.
Robert Welsh describe the live of slave as being inferior to animals and were aren't even considered human. The slaves were treated unfairly and were living under harsh conditions.
He believes when the black man was serving as a military person and was following the foot steps of a white man that blacks began to increase their rank in human society.
He was surprised by the different classes and involvement of the blacks in Brazil especially as he sees them as salespersons.
In Mexico , railroads played a crucial role to the economic growth . This allowed the Amerindians profit but eventually Great Britain and the United States began to profit off of the railroads in South America. This led to protest and economic nationalism.
Political,economic, and social changes began to form for instance the abloshement of slavery, women's rights,and independence.