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INFECTIOUS DISEASE (One Health (people/animals/environment) (Antimicrobial…
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Technology in infectious disease
New biomedical research technology
Rapid diagnostics
RT PCR for e.g. Ebola
Distinguishing between bacterial and viral causes of disease
Structure-based vaccine and drug design
Vaccine design for influenza and HIV
Therapeutic design for HIV and HepC
New vaccines for e.g. Ebola, Marburg, Chikungunya, Influenza
Genome sequencing
Identify new agents e.g. SARS
Evaluation of new strains
Tracing transmission of a virus by looking at mutation patterns
Gene drives
Mosquito-bourne disease
Malaria
Public engagement
Campaign on how to reduce risk of zoonoses
Plant disease
UK Plant Risk Register
943 pests listed
Virus
Bacteria
Fungus
Species at risk
Horse chesnut
Ash
Chesnut
UK-specific trends
POST Note (2017) summarising UK trends
Annual economic burden of infectious
disease in England estimated at £30bn
Minor illnesses account for 27.4 million days off sick per year (in 2013)
No recent single analysis of overall
health burden of infectious disease in the UK
Other policy ideas
Compulsory/routine testing for HIV?
Compulsory vaccinations?
Vaccines/immunisation
Counteracting vaccine scares/work to reassure public
Inequality linked to poor vaccination
Specific policies needed to address (NHS England addressing via public engagement
Re-emergence of disease due to non-vaccination
Mumps
e.g. 2013 outbreak in Wales
Measles
Polio
Rubella
Whooping cough
Agriculture
Animal husbandry practice
Intensive farming
Unregulated antimicrobial use and international trade
One Health (people/animals/environment)
Promoting One Health approach
Antimicrobial resistance
700,000 people globally die of AMR per year
Hot topic - " the quintessential one health issue"
Seems to be a massively overworked topic - everyone looking into this
6 out of 10 infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals
70% of infectious diseases are from wild animals originally
Zoonotic diseases
Split into UK vs international?
Categorise by type of animal - farm animal vs pet?
Publications/monitoring
Government published a full list of zoonotic diseases in 2013
Public Health England produce a quarterly report on outbreaks in the UK
CJD surveillance report published 2017
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
2016 top 10 achievements/events
Zika
Antibiotic resistance
Dangerous and emerging infectious diseases
New technology for disease detection
Making food safe
Responding to outbreaks
Targeting infectious diseases
Beating ebola
HSE have published a list of zoonotic diseases
Government just announced plans to reduce risk of avian flu after 28 Feb (Chief Veterinary Officer, Nigel Gibbens)
Emerging
HIV/AIDS
Bird flu
BSE
Ebola
Epidemic
Triggers
Famines
Flooding
Climate change
Anthrax
Rift Valley fever
Leishmaniasis
Effects
Reduce resilience
Cause shock to food production and other systems
Neglected
Receive much less funding and international attention
Anthrax
Pig tapeworm
Japanese encephalitis
Brucellosis
Common in areas of poverty
Close proximity to livestock
Drivers
Changes in environment
Land use change
Climate change
Changes in pathogen
Domestic animals can bridge gap between humans and wild animals
Demand for milk and meat will double by 2050
Increases risk of disease transmission
More breeding = less genetic diversity and more vulnerable to disease
Mutations
Changes in host
Conflict
Travel
Migration
Urbanisation
A new infectious disease transmitted by animals emerges in humans every 4 months
Policy moments
O'Neill review on antimicrobial resistance (published 2016)
Government reponse published Sep 2016
Parliamentary review on AMR March 2017