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Control, Punishment and Crime (Surveillance (Actuarial justice // risk…

- - - - directed at specific crime
      - managing // altering environment of crime
      - increasing effort = reducing rewards
    - - locking doors, security guards
      - 'design crime out'
    - - criminals act rationally
      - weighing up rewards / risk
  - - - 'Broken Windows'
      - signs of disorder (graffiti, littering)
      - signal is sent that no one cares
      - zero tolerance policing
        
        halting neighbourhood decline
        
        prevents serious crime
      - absence of social control (police
        
        and informal control
        
        community = powerless
    - - support: policies in NY = fall in crime
      - disprove: actually due to falling unemployment
      - disprove II: increasing police numbers
  - - - general social policies
        
        full employment policies
    - - Michigan, US
      - disadvantaged 3-4 yr olds
      - 2 year intellectual enrichment program
      - longitudinal study
      - far fewer arrested in adult life than control group
    - - Long term strategies
      - root of the cause
      - rather than short term
- - - - prisoners visible to guard
      - guard not visible to prisoner
      - constantly behave as if they are being watched
      - control becomes invisible
      - other institutions follow this
        
        schools, factories, asylums
        
        infiltrating all of society
        
        EVAL.
        
        exaggerates this extent of control
        
        can be resisted
    - - pre-modern society
      - monarch exercised physical power
      - e.g public execution
    - - not just through the body (^) but mind
      - surveillance
  - - - top down and bottom up surveillance
      - everybody watches everybody
    - - Does not change hierarchy of surveilance
  - - - manipulation of digital data
      - rather than physical bodies
      - e.g facial recognition in CCTV
  - - - age, gender, ethn., religion
    - - leads to more targetting
        
        more arrests
        
        more SFP
      - ANALYSIS
        
        validity confirmed through SFP
    - - Passenger screening at airports
  - - - target young black males
      - based upon stereotypes
- - - - prevent further crimes
    - - Reforming / re-educating
    - - removing capacity to reoffend
        
        execution, no hands
    - - community outrage
    - - policies that reflect aims
      - anger management rehabilitate offenders
  - - - Retributive
        
        severe and vengeful
      - Restitutive
        
        function of justice to repair damage
        
        extensive interdependence
    - - collective conscience
      - outrage = enforcing moral unity
    - - too simplistic
      - traditional societies are restitive
  - - - offenders 'pay' for time
  - - - prison as most severe
      - reoffenders = worse
    - - rising prison population
    - - young, poorly educated
      - black - over represented
    - - era of mass incarceration
    - - net of control over people
- - - - 4% of population
        
        victims of 44% of crime
    - - poor = more likely
      - highest crime in unemployed areas
    - - young = vulnerable
      - -
        
        assault, abuse at home
    - - minority groups at greater risk
    - - males
        
        violent attacks
      - female
        
        Domestic/ sexual violence
  - - - women more at risk
    - - denied victim status
    - - employers violation of the law
      - leading to death
      - 'accident prone workers'
      - their fault
  - - - Wolfgang (1958)
        
        588 homocides
        
        26% victim trigger
  - - - friends, relatives
      - witnesses
    - - further victimisation in CJS
    - - even when irrational
        
        women fear violent attack
        
        men more likely